Green Solvent for Synthesis and Catalysis

Green Solvent for Synthesis and CatalysisAdnan S/OAbdul QayyumTitleGreen Solvent for deduction and catalysis way of life Temperature bean Liquids.AbstractThis proposal describes a question project to synthesis the garret quiets the alternative viridity, zero(prenominal)-volatile solvent to harmful volatile organic solvent and chemic industries in the future. The noggin unruffleditys, whose properties brush off be predicted before their synthesis. The already cognise properties enable to gain required case for different applications. This has versatile the vomit of applications of garrets liquids. The properties of I.Ls atomic number 18 runed by a no. of factors much(prenominal) as lattice energy, electrostatic voltage between cation and anion, primes of ions, insularism between the gives, symmetry hydrophobicity. Currently scientists are working not only when on synthesis of refreshful garret liquids but in like manner elevating their applications in differ ent fields including solar cells, lubri stackts, green organic solvents etc. Because of remarkable properties attributed to these new classes of compounds, which pitch been classified as new compounds only a decade ago, we started studies towards the synthesis of ionic liquids. We attempted to prepare different types of ionic liquids. i) iminazole found ionic liquids ii) Caffeine based ionic liquids. installationThe term ionic liquid implies a material that is fluid at (or close to) ambient temperature, is colorless, has a low viscosity and is easily handled. (Sheldon)Room temperature ionic liquids are generally salts of organic cations, e.g. tetra alkyl groupammonium, tetraalkylphosphonium, N-alkylpyridinium, 1,3-dialkylimidazolium and trialkylsulfoniumcations. (Sheldon)Most basic definition of a room temperature ionic liquid is a salt that has a melting consign at or near room temperature. (Handy) positive salts with melting principals down the stairs ambient or reaction tem perature. (Maio)Ionic liquid is a salt with a melting temperature below the boiling point of water. (Wilkes)Ionic liquids are defined as molten salt self-possessed entirely of ions without each neutral molecules and having low melting point (usually ampere-secondC)The properties of the ionic liquids are mentioned below.Problem or NeedIn this fellowship era, science has changed our world by discovering new methods to be the beneficial for valet de chambre being but simultaneously it in like manner pollutes our environment. Therefore these methods and chemicals flummox also become somehow harmful to the human beings. So this is how, these chemicals, which polluting our environment have become a problem for the common people. Organic solvents are abundant utilize in the laboratory and industries, which are volatile and used in great amounts, i.e. Solvents are the well-nigh damaging chemicals. That is why, our research project is nigh finding some green alternative to the mo st damaging solvents. The new alternative solvent forget be non-volatile, less toxic, biodegradable, air and wet persistent and economically viable to large scale process.Objectives and Expected deductionWe have prepared project to give alternative solution to supra mention problems. After synthesizing the green non-volatile, non-toxic solvent, the pollution could be reduced to commodious extent. Not only this, ionic liquid may have a lot of benefits and may be used as in batteries, propellants, lubricant, entrepot media for toxic gases, performance additives in pigments and many more than.Methodology6.1. Imidazole based ionic liquids.Room temperature ionic liquids are generally salts of organic cations, e.g. tetraalkylammonium, tetraalkylphosphonium, N-alkylpyridinium, 1, 3-dialkylimidazolium and trialkylsulfoniumcations. Imidazole has a unique property to stabilization a positive charge on nitrogen thats why we use it as a substrate. Two nitrogens in imidazole stabilize quat ernary nitrogen charge therefore the weaker the charge so it form ionic liquid which is liquid in room temperature. General reaction of imidazole based ionic liquid is6.2. Caffeine based ionic liquidsCaffeine has been chosen collectible coincidence of its structure with imidazole. Since five seven-membered-ring that is fused with a six membered ring possessing amide and imide moieties, must behave like imidazole which has extensively been used in the synthesis of ionic liquids. For this reaction, first we prepared alkyl caffenium halides by treated of caffeine with different alkyl halide (i.e. methyl iodide, ethyl iodide and hexyl bromide) and interpreted tetrahydrofuran as a solvent, alkyl caffenium halide is obtained as a white crystals. We also tried to prepared caffeine based ILs due to its similar analogy structure with imidazole. Caffeine is relatively less expensive and is easily accessible in abundance. ILs become cheaper and its applications enhanced due to the use of c affeine.It is reported in literature that Nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds are used to generate stable carbenes, which were then used to carry out different reactions. One of such reaction is benzoin condensation that may be carried out victimisation carbenes.Properties of Ionic LiquidsThe properties of ionic liquid differ by the different combinations of cation and anion for peculiar(a) applications. Some of the significanceant properties of ionic liquids are melting point, vapour pressure sensation thermal stability, viscosity, high heat capacity. Due to these properties ionic liquids are astray applicable, as shown in figure 2.Melting PointIonic liquids are defined as molten salt composed entirely of ions without any neutral molecules and having low melting point (usually 100C). The chemical and morphologic composition of an ionic liquid (molten salt) depends upon its melting point. Lowering of melting point is due to the low symmetry of cation and weak intermol ecular bonding. By care the cation constant we can also use different anions which can affect the melting point. The melting point decreases with increase in the size of anion. 3 vapor Pressure and Thermal StabilityIonic liquid have no measureable vapour pressure due to this property it can easily unaffectionate from reaction mixture by distillation. The thermal stability of an ionic liquid is directly related to the strength of the heteroatom-carbon and heteroatom-hydrogen bonds. Ionic liquids formed from either protonation of amines or phosphanes show significantly restricted thermal stability. 3DensityThere is a linear relationship between the density and the N-alkyl chain of cation. The density fall as the N-alkyl chain increased. 3ViscosityIonic liquids are generally more viscous then the classical organic solvents. Cation shows some effect on the viscosity of the ionic liquid. Lower viscosities tend to be a result of small facial expression chains that have sufficient mobi lity. As side chain increases due to vander waal forces viscosity increases. Temperature is another factor which affects the viscosity of ionic liquid. As temperature increases viscosity decreases. 3Solubility CharacteristicsBy changing the combination of cations and anions we can tune the solubility of ionic liquid. The solubility of ionic liquid can also depends upon the reputation of R group. By increasing the length of alkyl chain the hydrophobicity of the cation increases, as the result its water solubility decreases. 6Solvent PropertiesThe most common classification used to describe a solvent is mansion of that solvent. Ionic liquids are considered as polar solvent by nature because they can dissolve and stabilize dipolar or charged solutes. 3 They have tendency to dissolve many different many other materials such as organic, inorganic and organometallic materials. 1Table1 Comparison of ionic liquids with organic solvents. 5Scope of Ionic liquidsIonic liquids are attractive, useful, advanced solvents that are a sight of prudence by the renowned chemists for its unique and distinct properties. Its tunable components provide a wide range of successful and desire products.Figure2.IL publications (on whitethorn 27, 2009) determined from the ISI Web of acquirement in the last fourteen years.This is the main reason it is getting huge importance in the field of chemistry now a days. No doubt the immense research work in the field of green chemistry has been an attractive sight for the last few years. 5By the passage of clip many new cations and anions have been reported. The common cations and anions are given belowCommon AnionsBF4 B(CN)4 CH2CHBF3 CF3BF3 C2F5BF3 nC3H7BF3 nC4H9BF3 PF6 CF3CO2 CF3SO3 N(SO2CF3)2 N(COCF3)(SO2CF3) N(SO2F)2 N(CN)2C(CN)3 SCN SeCN CuCl2 AlCl4 OHCommon CationsTimelineAs soon as this project is funded, we import chemicals in first two months while start synthesizing with the available chemicals. in spite of appearance a one year Ins haAllah, we will complete synthesis somewhat 50 ionic liquids and also check their applications.EvaluationThe evaluation will be conducted by PCSIR and HEJ Research institute. This evaluation will be through under the direction of Dr. Nasir-Uddin who has much experience as a professional program evaluator. He had also done the evaluation of several big governmentally funded projects. All chemists already have the experience on this research topic. Every experiment will be done under the control of Dr. Imran Ali Hashmi, Ph. D from German on synthetic chemistry.Reference Literature CitedA review of ionic liquids towards supercritical fluid applicationsSedaKeskin, DefneKayrak-Talay, UgurAkman, O nerHortacsuDepartment of chemic Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, TurkeyReceived 2 August 2006 received in revised form 8 May 2007 accepted 29 May 2007Green chemistry ionic liquid Useful reaction solvents (TCI) somatic Properties of Alcohol Based Deep Eutectic Solven tsThesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of doctrine by Robert Christopher Harris, University of Leicester, 2008Paradigm Confirmed The First Use of ionic Liquids to dramatically Influence the Outcome of chemic ReactionsOrganic letters, 2004, Vol. 6, no.5, 707-710Review on the Chemical Stabilities of Ionic LiquidsSubbiahSowmiah, VenkatesanSrinivasadesikan, Ming-Chung Tseng and Yen-Ho Chu *Molecules 2009, 14, 3780-3813 doi 10.3390/molecules14093780Ionic liquids Innovative fluids for chemical processingAIChE journal Volume 47, Issue 11, pages 23842389, November 2001Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. Solvents for Synthesis and CatalysisChem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071-2083ACTA UniversitatisOuluensis, Johanna Krkkinen breeding and characterization of some ionic liquids and their use in the dimerization reaction of 2-methylpropeneThe jut of Polymeric Ionic Liquids for the Preparation of Functional MaterialsJournal of Macromolecular acquisition R _, Part C Polymer Reviews, 49339360, 2009Ionic Liquids Current developments, potential and drawbacks for industrial applicationsLenzingerBerichte, 84 (2005) 71-85Recent developments of task-specific ionic liquids in organic synthesisGreen Chemistry Letters and Reviews Vol. 4, No. 1, March 2011, 41_54Task-Specific Ionic Liquids pack H. Davis, Jr. Chemistry Letters Vol.33, No.9 (2004)Wohler, F. Liebig. J. Ann. Pharm. 1832, 3, 249-282Lapworth, A. J. J. Chem. Soc. 1903, 83, 995-1005Van DenBerg, H. J. J. Mol. Cat. 1943, 51, 1-12Suzuki et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 8432-8433Budget1 pageboy