UAE School Learning System Essay Example for Free

UAE School Learning System EssayThe pedagogics organize of UAE was formalized in 1953, with establishment of government funded public school system. Since then, this structure has been implemented across all the seven Emirates. Today, there are 780 public schools with jolty strength of 3 hundred thousand students across the entire UAE. The pattern of school system is formulated on standard western approach that consists of elemental and secondary schools (Samaha and Shishakly, 2008). Students start their educational journey by enrolling in primary schools, which takes five years complete.The second stage spans over four years followed by the secondary schools that take another three years to complete. During the same phase, the emphasis of education has excessively shifted underwent a profound falsify to reflect the advances made in recent years in fields of reading technology, shared learning, collaborative companionship and leadership development among students. This p aper focuses on these changes experienced by UAE education system that have assistanceed to keep it robust and synchronized with evolving concept of education and pedagogy world wide (Felner et al.1997). Reasons for Change in UAE School System With the orgasm of information technology, the former isolated model of education faced challenges that have stimulated it to transform side by side with events of rapid sphericization, information technology, knowledge-driven economy, internationalistic change towards sustainable social and community developments, increased take aim of international int eraction, competition and collaboration (Samaha and Shishakly, 2008)..Under the immense impact of these changes the UAE educational system in any case felt the consider to incorporate numerous educational reforms and to keep it up to date and upgrade. The efforts of UAE policy-makers and educators to reform education and prepare next generations for meeting challenges of the future mu st(prenominal) be seen and understood in this context. (Cheng, 2003a, b Hirsch Weber, 1999 Kogan Hanney, 2000 Mingle, 2000).Consistent with this approach in change is as well the understanding that in a fast hanging era that educational reforms can not limit themselves to mere incorporation of information technology in its static form, but that they must absorb the philosophy of nonstop action learning, creativity enhancement, and multiple intelligence development as the key elements for continued development of entire student community in view of information technology and evolution of a knowledge-based economy ((Samaha and Shishakly, 2008).Therefore, the concepts of organizational learning, collaborative partnership, shared experience, knowledge management and institutional intelligence are being inculcated the institutional level to oversee their useful transformation from confines of board room to class room(Langer, Colton, Goff, 2003). Another important facet of latest ed ucational reforms is emphasis on creativity and lateral thinking, which are believed to be instrumental in setting up platform for lifelong accumulation of learning, action learning and continued development of intelligence.It is believed that through assimilation of these new approaches, students could be better equipped to meet with the challenges of globalization and technological changes. As a matter of fact, the major thrust of educators, both(prenominal) in policy and implementation, is towards action learning which is construed as fundamental in increasing the learners capacity to take a higher learning curve, both from intelligence and knowledge point of view (Felner et al. 1997). Schools as Learning CommunitiesThe concept of schools as learning communities has gained ground internationally where educators have come forward with psyche of creating a system that would include a focus on academic achievements along with wholesome development of children, covering their emot ional, analytical and personality development to help them attain a productive role in the society (Felner et al. 1997). These ideas have come forward from learning form former educational system, whose curriculum, educators felt, created a orifice between intellectual, emotional and interpersonal needs of students and academic education.Thus, it impeded their learning and preparatory abilities for large(p)hood, along introducing a degree of vulnerability against rapid pace of global technical changes. Collaborative Learning From the experience gained from various models of teachings practiced around the world, educators have learned that collaborative learning is among the most effective tool for leave effective and lasting teaching to children. The premises behind collaborative learning is that students learn best when they learn to functionher through active collaboration and participation (Felner et al.1997). Class room research has shown that collaborative learning, which in spires students to learn in small groups is much more effective than any other form of instruction in helping them understand and retain the content. It also imparts greater degree of satisfaction to students. Adult Learning Theory Understanding the encompassing role of education, educators have also focused on evolving new models of adult learning, in recognition of the fact that maturity and understanding level of adults sits in a completely different regulate as compared to children.According to the rules set by Malcom Knowles, adult learning approaches takes in cognizance of that fact that adults are autonomous and self directed and hence the teachers need to create an expansive environment where adults are able to appreciate their own independent role in directing their course of study. Thus participation, leadership and missionary station of responsibilities become effective strategies in course of adult learning models, all which aiming to provide maximum degree of self con trol and reliance (Langer, Colton, Goff, 2003).Meanwhile, educators have also learned to take in the life experience and knowledge factor of adults to further the goals of learning. One of the great benefit with adult teaching is that each adult has, at whizz point or other, something relevant to share with others, drawn out by his/her own experience pool and knowledge. Thus, the learning gets more effective and comprehensive. Also, adults are very goal oriented and practical (Samaha and Shishakly, 2008).. The quantify they are investing in education is either their productive time or time away from their family and hence they want maximum utilization and returns for their efforts.Educators, who have learned to appreciate these facts, have truly provided a very meaningful angel to concept of adult learning philosophy (Felner et al. 1997). Community The present educational model lays a heavy emphasis on concept of community and shared learning. schooling technology and internet ha s played fundamental role in furthering the concept of community where people with similar interest areas, like thinking and shared concepts get together to felicitate each others learning in a collaborative approach.Community is a inclusive approach in educational field where one to one instructional approach is replaced by learning through group interaction and active participation and sharing of knowledge among the members of the community. hitherto the role of educator, at times is not more than a member of the community. Community is an extremely useful concept in field of adult learning, oddly for young adults who have high degree of familiarity with informational technology tools.Leadership Modern educators have shed the ideas of passive education and pedantic teaching. The dynamics of global change have impressed them with creating leadership potential in every student. While certainly, there are no definite copy-book rules to construct a leader (Langer, Colton, Goff, 2003 ). The difficulties, complexities, and challenges associated with a situation give impetus to leadership qualities in otherwise ordinary people who believe in themselves that they are capable of rising up to the difficulties as well as helping others out of it.Therefore although it might be difficult to teach a person quality of good leader, yet one can expect to inculcate leadership qualities by observing styles and principles of successful leaders. Leadership is then about inspiration, motivation, encouragement and direction that pulls people to accomplishments that they would not had managed if left field alone (Felner et al. 1997). However, effective leadership is a very challenging domain as it requires some impeccable personal and organizational traits that can be positive and realized through considerable experience, knowledge and self- discipline.There are no fixed guidelines, set of rules and laws that exactly prescribe the traits, qualities and attributes of a successful leader. Quite lots the leadership is situational and the leader is required to act purely through intuition and circumstantial requirements. However there are certain essential skills and characteristics that are instead mandatory for effective leadership are (Day and Halpin, 2004)

Japanese Music Essay Example for Free

Japanese Music EssayThe Japanese culture was wide affected and highly re youngd to its nearby nations like China and Korea. As such, it is a logical for us to look at the Japanese medicine as a collaboration of the different music from the other Asian nations. The flourishing of the Japanese music can be seen as they have adapted their face-to-face styles to the influences that surround them. Their music has its origin in poetry and songs, although there have been misleading artifacts about the distinction of the 2. The confusion started with the acknowledgement that indeed, the Japanese word genus Uta can both be understood as to mean poetry or songs.The evidence and remains of the old-fashioneds music of Japan can be reflected on the songs in Kojiki that was recorded as traditional songs in the imperial court. The ancient Japanese music was also preserve in legends, rituals and prose specifically in an ancient story of Genji Monogatari. This story was composed of poetic di alogues about a lover in the imperial court. The presentation of this in a play was interpreted done Gagaku dances, accompanied mostly by flutes and the famous string instrument, koto.The Gagaku dances and music have been very famous in courts. Its music is composed of wind and string instruments that go together with drums and gongs. It also go along with sho,(a harmonica like instrument) and nasal hichiriki which is the reason why it posses a different sound. The Gagaku is further divided in to two categories, the To-gaku and the Rimpa-gaku. These two differs from the culture in which it belongs. In such manner those that came mainly under the influence of China was called To-gaku while those that came from Vietnam were rendered as Rimpa-gaku.Due to the advent of trade music that was a by-product of the trade industry. It is but inevitable for the native people to become awe with the new kind of music that they have been listen and so, they tend to imitate their ways of thinkin g. Japanese Music in the Face of Modern Influences The reproduction of this music produces an inclination to the instrumental music. However even though there had been an emerging culture of Americanization, still there are many Japanese mode of music that remained the same.Kagura, for instance, or what was commonly known to be Mi-Kagura which was hold by some of the people in the imperial court. Fuzoku in relation to the kinship group songs that was numerous in the provinces. Also with Azuma-Asobi, this is also a type of folk song that was predominant on the eastern part of the country. Saibara was also believed to be composed of traces of folk songs as well. Since all of these music where sung in courts, it is collective with Gagaku music. A Brief Introduction on Jo-Ha-Kyu traditionAccording to the Japanese culture, the Jo-Ha-kyo music can be traced to have influences of the Gagaku traditions. The term was generally referred to the way the music and the dances were done in the play, Jo was associated with being slow and more(prenominal) peaceful, it is the primary or the introductory part. Ha was the start of the conflict , it is not slow but more of a moderate version, it is associated with the journey. While lastly, Kyu was regarded as the final or the ultimate. Thus, the form Jo-Ha-Kyu is actually a way of presenting ideas and capturing the minds of the readers.Buddhist Chants and Other Influences Another trend of music came to Japan on the time of Nara and Heian periods. This was comprised of Buddhist Chants, which is performed by narrating a certain sutra with the addition of rhythmical melodies. Accordingly, there are three known styles that were used in accordance to the language used by the countries who have participated or who are the founding authors of the Chants. The style which uses the Sankrit language was called Bonsan. Chinese speakers were called Kansan while plain Japanese were called Wasan.During the late Heian period, there had been another popular music trend which is now called as Imayo There is also the development of Heike Biwa or Heikyuko which is according to some, is the narrative music compete by the blind priest-thus they were now called as Blind Prince. Another form of dance and music was the Noh, which is a classical Japanese drama that was either a Dengaku Noh or Sarugaku Noh. Dengaku Noh are those which portrays rituals and traditions that is done in the rice-fields. Sarugaku, on the other hand was more focus on acrobatic performances.

The World Is Flat Flattener Information Technology Essay

The earth Is Flat Flattener Information Technology EssayThe World Is Flat is an international bestselling book by Thomas Friedman that analyzes world(a)ization, in the beginning in the early 21st century. The title is a metaphor for viewing the world as a level playing issue in ground of commerce, where all competitors permit an equal opportunity.Globalization became to a greater extent prominent during the last decades. Friedman argues that globalization do the world small and flatter, allowing all countries to take chance of the on hand(predicate) opportunities equally.As Friedman describes in The World is Flat in that respect be troika eras of globalization and ten dangleers which make the world smaller, making it easier to communicate and share our k immediatelyledge. This penning deals with the flattener be 2 i.e. When the NetScape went Public and associated increases after 2003 till date.BackgroundThomas Lauren Friedman is an Ameri screw journalist, columnist and author and has won the Pulitzer Prize three times. In his noted book The World is Flat he identifies three eras of globalization.The commencement exercise era, called Globalization 1.0, amidst the years 1492, when Columbus set out to discover a newfound make do route to the New World, and 1800, made the world fall in size from large to speciality. During this period, the strength of a country was based on the number of horse author or the number of steam engines owned, compared with some otherwise countries.The second period Globalization 2.0, between the years 1800 and 2000, decreased the size of the world, from medium to low. Multinational companies were the integration force, and the power was given to a company by the level of innovation in the field of machinery and equipment.Last era Globalization 3.0 began around the year 2000. If the first 2 periods led to globalization at the country level and, ulterior, at the company level, this new period favorized reduction to a truly small world, flattening the playing field and putting the individual in the centre(Friedman, 2007, pp 25-26).Globalization has been principal(prenominal)tained by the action of some flattening factors that favoured the levelling of the World and the emergence of some opportunities that could increase welfare if successfully exploited. whizz of these factors is the even outt on 09/08/1995, the Netscape Company was to give life the ne bothrk by creating the first commercially and well known sack browser, facilitating web browsing purification definition to general public.ObjectivesThe main objective of this paper is to investigate the contribution and after effects of flattener number 2 in make the world flatten during the period 2003 to 2012.MethodologyData for this report were gathered from 3rd December 2012 to 18th January 2013. The info was collected by research online and in college library.ProcedureThe hearty function involved in analysis of the facts and authentication of information given in each report and article available in online and in college library. The main order of business is to capture all the contribution and after effects of Netscape internet explorer in making the world flatten from 2003 to till date.FindingsFlattener 2 is shifting us from a PC-based platform to an Internet-based platform. The concept of World Wide entanglement was true by British computer scientist Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee is someone who certainly helped to flatten the world.Berners-Lee explains that the web is an fanciful space of information. On the Net, we will find computers and the bondions are businesss between computers. On the Web, we will find documents, videos, sounds etc like information and the touch baseions are hypertext links. The Web exists because of programs which communicate between computers on the Net. plurality are authentically interested in information they dont really want to have to know about computers and cables .In the early 1990s, Berners-Lee created the program language for writing WebPages called HTML. The 1st website by Berners-Lee was at http//info.cern.ch and was 1st put up on August 6, 1991. It was the 1st website ever. It explained how the WWW worked, how one could own a browser, and how setting up a Web server.1st widely popular commercial browser was created by a tiny start-up company in kitty View, California, called Netscape. Netscape went public on August 9, 1995 at the price of $28. Netscape and the Web broadened the audience for the Internet from its roots as a communications medium used in the main by early adopters and geeks to something that made the Internet plan of attackible to everyone from five-year-olds to ninety-five-year-olds. The digitization that took place meant that everyday occurrences much(prenominal) as words, files, films, music, and pictures could be accessed and manipulated on a computer classify by all people across the world. The more alive the I nternet became, the more unalike people wanted to do polar things on the Web. So people demanded computers, s/w and telecommunicationmunications networks. This demand was satisfied by the rollout of Windows 95. Windows 95 become the operating system used by approximately people worldwide.Friedman recognizes the event of Netscape and Windows 95 as a huge flattening force. What Netscape did was bring a new killer app -the browser to this installed base of PCs, making the computer and its connectivity inherently more efficacious for millions of people. This in turn set off an explosion in demand for all things digital and sparked the Internet boom. This development, in turn, wired the whole world together, and without, anyone really planning it, made Bangalore a suburb of Bos ton. right off Netscape is known as Firefox.The second flattener gave people a way to cheaply distribute and retrieve subject digitally. Basically, the second flattener consisted of 3 events(1) The Interne t emerged (low-cost connectivity among PC users)(2) The World Wide Web emerged (PC users force out post their digital content for anyone to access) and(3) The commercial Web Browser emerged (PC users can retrieve documents or Web pages stored in Web sites).Everyone could use the Internet, thus consumers wanted more to do on the Internet. One of the benefits of Netscape was it was available to everyone and people didnt have to continually pay for it (after they bought the browser). The Internet boom leads to over-investments. For instance, the fiber- visual cable companies invested in making mass amounts of fiber-optic systems. The companies didnt realize that almost everyone was using the Internet and they didnt conduct to make anymore fiber-optic systems.Netscape was the first exceedingly successful browser, and it could work on an IBM PC, an Apple MacIntosh, or a Unix computer, insuring that people could communicate with each other no amour what computer they were on. Netscape s browser made millions of existing computers and connectivity a lot more useful, and reinforced the free flow of information. Freidman concludes that browser technology was one of the most grievous inventions in modern history. together with the Internet and Web, Netscape allowed more people to communicate and interact with each other than had ever happened in the world before. on that point is an interesting quote when you give people a new way to connect with other people, they will punch through any technical prohibitionpeople are wired to want to connect with other people and they find it objectionable not to be able to. (Marc Andreessen The World is Flat 65)Lets fancy at each one of these developments.Marc Andreessen, a brilliant young computer scientist, developed the 1st really effective, easy-to-use Web browser, called Mosaic. His company called Mosaic Communications later renamed to Netscape communications.Marc Andreessen did not invent the Internet or the World W ide Web, but he certainly played a historic theatrical role in parcel to bring them alive.Netscapes 1st commercial browser was released in December 1994, and within a year it completely dominated the trade. People were downloading it for 3-month trials. Thus Netscape played important flattening role.In addition to the Netscape browser, other standardizations further simplified communications among computers.Berners Lee and other scientists had developed a series of open communications protocols mainly FTP, HTTP,HTML,SSL,SMTP,POP, and TCP/IP. Together they form a system for transporting data around the Internet and World Wide Web in a relatively secure manner, no matter what network your company or household has or what computer or cell phone or handheld device you are using. Each protocol had a different function. TCP/IP was the basic plumbing of the Internet, or the basic railroad tracks, on which everything else above it was built and locomote around. FTP moved files. SMTP and POP moved e-mail messages, so that they could be written and read on different e-mail systems. HTML allowed ordinary people to author Web pages. HTTP enabled people to connect to HTML documents on Web. SSL provide security for Web-based transactions.By the late 1990s the Internet computing platform became integrated. Soon anyone was able to connect with anyone else anywhere on any machine. This integration was a huge flattener. Generally, people take long time to change their habits and learn new technology. But in the case of Internet, they did it quickly and ten years later there were 800 million people on the internet, because people ever so want to connect with other people.People will change their habits quickly when they have a strong reason to do so, and people have an innate urge to connect with other people. (Marc Andreessen The World is Flat 65)Flattener 2 is responsible for the birth of AOL (Netscape was sold to AOL), newer interpretings of PC-Windows, Google, Yahoo and dot.com boom.Netscape going public stimulated a lot of things. one is, degree of overinvestment. Every sillier and sillier conception got funded.Digitization made investors to believe that demand for internet habitude and internet-related products would be infinite. Digitization is a magic process by which words, music, data, films, files and pictures are turn into bits and bytes- combinations of 1s and 0s- that can be manipulated on a computer screen, stored on a microprocessor, or transmitted over satellites and fiber-optic lines. Thus mail digitized as e-mail, camera to digital camera, buy and browse books digitally on amazon.com, digital library, digitized music..In a news conference at 1999 World Economic Forum, Microsoft chairman Bill provide told that these Internet stocks going to drive innovation faster and faster. Gates compared Internet to the gold rush.The Internet stock boom causes overinvestment in fiber-optic cable companies. They fixed massive amounts of fibe r-optic cable on land and under the oceans, which reduced cost of making a phone call or transmitting data anywhere in the world.The 1st installation of a fiber-optic system was in 1977.Optcal cables can carry digitized packets of information over long outgos. Fiber-optic cable is used for secure communications, because it is very difficult to tap. The capacity of all the already installed fiber cables on the nose keeps growing, making it cheaper and easier to transmit voices and data to any part of the world. The first transoceanic fiber-optic cables were laid between the United States, United Kingdom and France in 1988. The first transpacific cables were laid down in 1989 and connected the U.S., Hawaii, Guam and Japan. Fiber optic cables made it possible for Web users to connect and communicate with people at long distances. The installation of under-water cables was the first step to uniting all corners of the world. The perception of distance became much smaller. Now anyone co uld get on the Internet and communicate with someone half way around the world in less than seconds. Not barely could you just talk to other countries, but with come alongments in computer capabilities, you could besides have a face to face conversation with them. The world became much smaller and flatter.*Smith, D. R. (2004). Digital Transmission Systems. Norwell, Ma Kluwer Academic Publishing.The dot-com bubble was created by over-estimated values of Internet companies. Everyone jumped on the band wagon when the judge profits seemed to just keep growing. People were investing with the faith that one day those companies would reach their quota and so much more. In 2000 to 2001, the bubble burst, which resulted in a drop in investments and economic growth (Becker, 2008).* One of the biggest fall-outs was in the business of fiber optic cables. Everyone underestimated the efficiency and capabilities of fiber optic cables. When they turned out to have a much larger capacity than co mpanies needed it became practically free to use them. This created opportunities for countries who couldnt afford to buy the cables outright. India was one such country that used the access of the Internet to globalise very fast in order to catch up with the rest of the world, and catch up they did.*Becker, A. (2008). Electronic commerce concepts, methodologies, tools and applications (Vol. I). Hershey, Pa Information Science Reference.It alike allowed the telecommunications giants such as the Baby Bells and ATT to provide both phone service and infra building for internet.Global crossing was founded in 1977 by Gary Winnick and went public the next year. The telecom deregulation of 1996 allowed topical anaesthetic exchange carriers to build their own data transmission capacities.The Internet-e-mail-browser material body flattened the earth a little bit more. In short, the Apple-PC-Windows phase and Netscape browsing-e-mail phase together enabled communication and interaction w ith people anywhere on the planet.Now thanks to the internet, we dont have to travel distances to meet face to face since we are interconnected with everyone everywhere.The day Netscape went public opened up the World Wide Web so that almost anyone could navigate the Internet without problems. This user-friendly browser made accessing the plethora of information on the Internet open to everyone. There existed browsers for searching the web prior to Netscape, but they were not as simple and easy to use. Now anyone who could read had access to the internet. Knowledge is power, and people got habituated to this easy learning tool. It gave individuals the power to take their lives into their own hands. The dot-com boom created a new and very different world. A world runs more by innovative individuals than by corporations.The birth of MozillaOn February 23, 1998, Netscape Communications Corporation created a project called Mozilla to co-ordinate the development of the Mozilla Applicati on Suite, the open source version of Netscapes internet software, Netscape Communicator.Mozilla is a free software community best known for producing the Firefox web browser. The Mozilla community uses, develops, spreads and supports Mozilla products and works to advance the goals of the Open Web described in the Mozilla Manifesto.In addition to the Firefox browser, Mozilla also produces Firefox Mobile, the Firefox OS mobile operating system, the bug tracking system Bugzilla and a number of other projects.Originally, Mozilla aimed to be a technology provider for companies, such as Netscape, who would commercialize their open source code. When Netscapes parent company AOL drastically scaled nates its involvement with Mozilla in July 2003, the Mozilla Foundation was launched as the legal steward of the project. Soon after, Mozilla deprecated the Mozilla Suite in favour of creating independent applications for each function, primarily the Firefox web browser and the Thunderbird email client, and moved to supply them direct to the public.Recently, Mozillas activities have expanded to include Firefox on mobile platforms, primarily Android, a mobile OS called Firefox OS, a web-based individualism system called Mozilla Persona and a marketplace for HTML5 applications.In a report released in November of 2012, Mozilla report that their total revenue for 2011 was $163 million, which was up 33% from $123 million in 2010. Mozilla noted that roughly 85% of their revenue comes from their contract with Google.Introduction of new free web browser FirefoxMozilla Firefox is a free and open source web browser developed for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux and Android coordinated by Mozilla Corporation and Mozilla Foundation. Firefox uses the Gecko layout engine to render web pages, which implements current and anticipated web standards.Gecko is a free and open source layout engine used in many applications developed by Mozilla. It is designed to support open Internet standards, and is used by different applications to display web pages and, in some cases, an applications user interface itself. Gecko offers a rich programming API that makes it suitable for a wide variety of roles in Internet-enabled applications, such as web browsers, content presentation, and client/server.Gecko is written in C++ and is cross-platform, and runs on various operating systems including BSDs, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, OS/2, AIX, OpenVMS, and Microsoft Windows. Its development is now overseen by the Mozilla Foundation and is licensed under version 2 of the Mozilla Public License.Gecko is the third most-common layout engine on the World Wide Web,As of October 2012, Firefox has approximately 20% to 24% of worldwide usage share of web browsers, making it the second or third most widely used web browser, according to different sources. According to Mozilla, Firefox counts with over 450 million users around the world. The browser has had particular success in Indonesia, Germany, an d Poland, where it is the most popular browser with 65%, 47% and 47% of the market share, respectively.The Firefox project began as an experimental branch of the Mozilla project by Dave Hyatt, Joe Hewitt and Blake Ross. They believed the commercial requirements of Netscapes sponsorship and developer-driven feature creep compromised the utility of the Mozilla browser. To combat what they saw as the Mozilla Suites software bloat, they created a stand-alone browser, with which they intended to replace the Mozilla Suite. On April 3, 2003, the Mozilla Organization announced that they planned to change their focus from the Mozilla Suite to Firefox and Thunderbird.The Firefox project has undergone several name changes. Originally call Phoenix, it was renamed because of trademark problems with Phoenix Technologies. The replacement name, Firebird, provoked an intense response from the Firebird free database software project. In response, the Mozilla Foundation stated that the browser should always ante up the name Mozilla Firebird to avoid confusion with the database software. After further pressure from the database servers development community, on February 9, 2004, Mozilla Firebird became Mozilla Firefox, often referred to as simply Firefox. Mozilla prefers that Firefox be telescoped as Fx or fx, though it is often abbreviated as FF. The Firefox project went through many versions before version 1.0 was released on November 9, 2004.On October 5, 2012, Mozilla released the Metro interface version of Firefox, included in the Nightly 18 build, to be used in Windows 8.In a flat world, the importance of comparative advantage disappears. Bhagwati (2010) argued that, although global big(p) markets led to decreasing interest rate differences between different countries and even multinational companies have facilitated technology transfer between countries, the differences remain due to socialisation and politics. An example is the political regime from China, which has undermined software development. PC (Communist Party) in China is irreconcilable with the PC (personal computer) of U.S. origin. But unlike China, which occupies a leading position in hardware production, India is better at programming and not at the hardware, thanks to the recently opened Indian autarchic regime following the 1991 reforms (Guha and Ray 2004, pp 301-302).The other obstacle in the flattening process, but an obstacle which can both accelerate or decelerate the global integration, is the national culture. The more resistant to globalization the local culture is, the higher the chances of isolation are and the probability that the community will crush because of the internal conflicts. Rgis Debray (in Matthew, 2007) lists two reasons behind the crisis of the world culture quick population growth and the local retreat which the technological globalization is fuelling as the world begins to resemble more, the people are trying to distinguish between them more through lo cal cultures, leading to an increased nationalistic feeling.The fierce criticism of the flattening earth theory is related to increased income disparities, both in developing and developed countries. For example, the poor countries, where the financial markets restrict access to capital for people with low incomes, the investments are extremely low and growth is inhibited. Thus, globalization tends to favour increased income disparities, since the main beneficiaries of globalization are those that have already wealthy capital and higher education or, at the country level, citizens of developed countries, where are healthy and stable institutions. Birdsall (2005, p. 33-36) proposes reforming global institutions like the World Bank or International Monetary Fund, so they can truly represent the interests of poor countries. They are the ones that have apparatuss to manage the death penalty of a social contract model to increase access to educational opportunities for the poor and cre ating sound and stable institutions in developing countries. For now, the votes are non-democratically allocated in these institutions. Europeans always choose the IMF president and Americans the WB president. In addition, most of the time, people in their management have no experience in solving the problems they face, since the holding of such functions are not related to previous work experience (Stiglitz, 2006, September 10). The Birdsalls second recommendation proposes the creation of global rules that correct market failures, environmental vindication (eg Kyoto Protocol), support markets from poor countries to overcome financial risks (IMF) and deter corruption and other anticompetitive practices.The same argument the disparities of income growth was brought by Stiglitz (2006, September 10) to contradict Friedmans vision. He express that globalization can be felt notwithstanding in terms of transport and communications costs decrease. Regarding economic development, he ga ve the example of the Republic of Moldova that although it experiences a transition period from communist regime, its GDP has decreased by 70% in 2005 and has spent about three quarters of GDP for foreign debt.Internet AbuseThe internet has become a fundamental part of many peoples day-to-day working lives. As with the introduction of other mass communication technologies, issues meet use, abuse and addiction in the workplace have surfaced (Griffiths, 2002 Weatherbee, 2009). It is not uncommon for office workers to spend workplace time on various non-work activities (e.g. booking holidays, shop online, bidding in online auctions, e-mailing friends/romantic partners, etc.). According to a survey by the International Data Corporation (Snapshot Spy, 2008), up to 40 per cent of internet access in the workplace is spent on non-work related browsing, and 60 per cent of all online purchases are made during working hours. The same survey also reported that 90 per cent of employees felt the internet can be addictive, and 41 per cent admitted to personal internet surfing at work for more than three hours per week. Internet abuse at work can lead to a decrease in productivity, network clogging, and an increase in the incidents of security breaches at an make-up (Pee et al., 2008 Clayburgh and Nazareth, 2009 Weatherbee, 2009). Activities and consequences such as these highlight that internet abuse is a potentially serious cause of concern for employers.It has been claimed that excessive internet use can be pathological and addictive (Widyanto and Griffiths, 2006) and that such behaviour comes under the more generic label of technological addiction (Griffiths, 1995, 1998). It has been argued that behavioural addictions are no different from chemical addictions (e.g. alcoholism, and heroin addiction) in terms of the core components of addiction such as salience, tolerance, withdrawal, mood modification, conflict, and relapse.Research into internet addiction suggests that it does indeed exist but that it affects only a very small minority of users (Widyanto and Griffiths, 2006, 2009). These are usually people who use internet chat rooms or play fantasy role playing games activities that they would not engage in except on the internet itself. To some extent, these internet users are engaged in text-based virtual realities and take on other social personas and social identities as a way of making them feel good about themselves. In such cases, the medium of the internet whitethorn provide an alternative reality to the user and allow them feelings of immersion and anonymity, feelings that may lead to an altered state of consciousness for the user. This in itself may be highly psychologically and/or physiologically rewarding. There appear to be many people who use the internet excessively but are not addicted as measured by addiction criteria. Most people researching in the field have failed to use stringent criteria for measuring addiction (Widyanto a nd Griffiths, 2006).Internet as an advertising mediumInternet penetration rate in the U.S. reached 67.8% in 2005 (Internet World Stats, 2005), which translated to $133.3 billion in e-commerce revenues (Kumar Shah, 2004). In April 2006 the penetration rate hit new high and reached 73% (Madden, 2006). Broadband penetration in the U.S. rose to 63.8% in October 2005 and is expected to reach 70% in 2006 (U.S. Passes Singapore to 15th, 2005). The growing availability and usage of Internet, particularly broadband Internet, has created a large audience for Internet advertising. More people are spending more time online. The Internet has reached well beyond the critical mass to be considered a medium economically viable for advertisers. The uncertainty that once hung over online commerce has given way to steady, or even robust, growth (Hyland, 2004). Internet companies, as well as traditional firms selling online, are making real revenue. A research study in 2004 showed that 79% of online r etailers were making money, with a 21% average margin (Ramsey, 2004). It is expected total online sales in 2006 will increase 20% to $211 billion (Online sales expected to rise, 2006).With the rise of Internet audiences and online e-commerce activities, the Internet isprospering as an advertising medium. Internet advertising revenues in the United States totaled more than $1.5 billion in 2005, a 30% increase over 2004 (Interactive Advertising Bureau IAB, 2006). Internet advertising accounted for about 5% of total U.S. advertising revenues in 2005 and nearly matched total consumer powder store advertising.Web AccessibilityFew people are aware of the term web accessibility. In the short-life time of the web visual aesthetics has been the design goal, sort of than equal access. Web accessibility is the practice of making web sites accessible to people who require more than just traditional web browsers to access the internet. For example, a visually impaired user can use a screen rea der to translate text and graphics on the computer screen to an strait format so the user hears the screen content via a speech synthesizer or sound card. An accessible web site is designed to gruntle a wider set of ways users can access the site. However, designing a web site with accessibility not only serves people with disabilities, but also results in a wider set of benefits for everyone. twitter New media for information sharingchirrup is a micro blogging service commands more than 41 million users as of July 2009 and is growing fast. Twitter users tweet about any topic within the 140-character limit and follow others to receive their tweets. Twitter has emerged as a new medium in spotlight through recent happenings, such as an American student jailed in Egypt and the US Airways plane crash on the Hudson river. Twitter users follow others or are followed. Unlike on most online social networking sites, such as Facebook or MySpace, the relationship of following and being foll owed requires no reciprocation. A user can follow any other user, and the user being followed need not follow back. Being a follower on Twitter means that the user receives all the messages (called tweets) from those the user follows. Common practice of responding to a tweet has evolved into well-defined mark-up culture RT stands for retweet, followed by a user identifier address the user, and followed by a word represents a hashtag. This well-defined mark-up vocabulary combined with a strict limit of 140 characters per posting conveniences users with brevity in expression. The retweet mechanism empowers users to spread information of their choice beyond the reach of the original tweets followers.Social NetworkA social network is a social structure made up of a set of actors such as individuals or organizations and the dyadic ties between these actors. The social network perspective provides a clear way of analyzing the structure of whole social entities. The study of these struct ures uses social network analysis to identify local and global patterns, locate influential entities, and examine network dynamics.In 2002, social networking hit really its stride with the launch of Friendster. Friendster used a degree of separation concept similar to that of the now-defunct SixDegrees.com, refined it into a routine dubbed the Circle of Friends wherein the pathways connecting two people are displayed, and promoted the idea that a rich online community can exist only between people who truly have common bonds. And it ensured there were plenty of ways to discover those bonds.An interface that shared many of the same traits one would find at an online dating site certainly didnt seem to hurt. (CEO Jonathan Abrams in truth refers to his creation as a dating site that isnt about dating.) And, just a year after its launch, Friendster boasted more than three million registered users and a ton of investment interest. Though the service has since seen more than its fair shar e of technical difficulties, questionable management decisions, and a resulting drop in its North American fortunes, it stiff a force in Asia and, curiously, a near-necessity in the Philippines.Introduced just a year later in 2003, LinkedIn took a decidedly more serious, sober go on to the social networking phenomenon. Rather than being a mere playground for former classmates, teenagers, and cyberspace Don Juans, LinkedIn was, and still is, a networking resource for businesspeople who want to connect with other professionals. In fact, LinkedIn contacts are referred to as connections. Today, LinkedIn boasts more than 175 million members.More than tripling that number, according to recent estimates, is MySpace, also launched in 2003. Though it no longer resides upon the social networking throne in many English-speaking countries that honour now belongs to Facebook just about everywhere MySpace remains the perennial favourite in the USA. It does so by tempting the key young adult d emographic with music, music videos, and a funky, feature-filled enviro

The Three Main Goals Of Research Psychology Essay

The Three Main Goals Of query Psychology EssayResearch is the examination of a particular topic using a diversity of reli equal, intellectual resources. The three main goals of look for be establishing facts, analyzing information, and reaching new conclusions. The three main actions of doing explore are searching for, re considering, and assessing information. This KAM ordain examine the different look paradigms available for my reckon. The paradigms will be compared and contrasted against some other look manners that are available in order to determine which the best manners to practice session are. There are galore(postnominal) different paradigms available which allow the positivist/empiricist view, the constructivist/ indwelling scientist worldview and the pragmatic model. lineation DepthThere are many inquiry paradigms and investigate methods available to be employ by researchers depending on the nature of the need that is being undertaken. This thesis pape r on the depth component explores the strengths and weaknesses of each paradigm and outlines the key research methods that stomach intaked to ensure successful use of the approach. The depth portion will include the impostal an nonated bibliography addressing the research paradigms and their use in accounting research. This depict employs secondary research on the internet and most of the information gleaned is from the content and literature. Additionally this paper lays the grounds for further research in research methods and their uses.Abstract ApplicationIn the application section both the breadth and depth will be brought together with other research in regards to developing or discussing uses of the different research paradigms. The breadth section of this thesis paper will lay out in detail all of the available research paradigms and how the affect to accounting research. When looking at these paradigms this paper will endeavour to focus on the one that will be chosen f or my research, and how it compares and contrasts to the rest. This paper will especially detail the chosen research paradigm and how it relates to the concept of auditing practices and their cause on the corporate governance of a company with a conceptual focus on international accounting principles. This report employs secondary research on the internet and most of the information gleaned is from the content and literature from non-profit organizational case studies, applications and on-going research on auditing practices on an international level.Breadth SectionOrganizations use research, especially in market research activities. Market research is used to identify emf markets, the involve and wants of each, how those needfully and wants fecal matter be met, how products and services could be packaged to be most ragible to customers and clients, the best pricing for those products and services, who the competitors are and how best to complete against each, potential collab orators and how to collaborate with each and many other applications of research. Organizations ordure conduct this research without having to have advanced skills (Free Management Library, n.d.).Academic research is research and development (RD) undertaken in the higher education sector, including universities, polytechnics, etc., and research centres that have close links with higher education institutions. Higher education research has grown during the past 20 years. among 1981 and 2003, the share of RD carried out by the higher education sector increased from 14.5% to 17.4% of the total RD effort(Vincent-Lancrin, 2006, p. 170). Drivers of this growth include professionalization of the academic profession (including distinction and standardization of the trade), the grandness of the quantitative research output in academic career paths and the emergence of strong external incentives to publish following the introduction of research assessment exercises in several countries. Th e well-known publish or perish rule is rather recent (Vincent-Lancrin, 2006).Research ParadigmsA paradigm offers a speculative frame practise for seeing and making sense of the neighborly world. The implication of paradigms is that they shape how one sees the world and are reinforced by those around us and the fraternity of practitioners. Contained by the research play the attitudes a researcher holds will reflect in the manner they research is planned, how entropy is both gathered and analyzed and how research results are presented. For the researcher it is significant to distinguish their paradigm, it permits them to identify their role in the research process, decide on the course of any research project and label other perspectives (Methodology, n.d.).There are numerous research paradigms that are used across and within different disciplines. These include (a) the positivist/empiricist view, which supports the use of quantitative methods, (b) the constructivist/naturalist worldview, which supports the use of soft methods, and (c) the pragmatic model, which supports the use of quantitative, soft, or a combination or mix of both methods (Tashakkori Teddlie, 1998). Other paradigms that will be looked at in this paper include post-positivism and interpretivist view.Paradigms guide how we shake off decisions and carry out research. As a researcher, it is important to know where ones discipline belongs, that there are different slipway of viewing the world and that ones approach to companionship is one of many. Paradigms can be characterized through their ontology (What is sincereity?), epistemology (How do you know something?) and methodology (How do go slightly finding out?). These characteristics create a holistic view of how people view knowledge how they see themselves in relation to this knowledge and the methodological strategies they use to discover it (What is your paradigm, n.d.).Positivist/empiricist ViewThe positivist paradigm of explor ing social reality is base on the philosophical ideas of the French Philosopher August Comte. According to him, ceremonial occasion and suit are the best means of accord human behaviour true knowledge is based on experiences of sense can be obtained by observation and experiment. At the ontological level positivists assume that the reality is verifiablely given and is measurable using properties what are independent of the research and his or her instruments in other words, knowledge is objective and quantifiable. Positivistic thinkers adopt scientific methods and systemize the knowledge generation process with the help of quantification to enhance precision in the description of parameters and the birth among them. Positivism is concerned with uncovering truth and presenting it by empirical means (Research Methodology and Design, n.d.).Using scientific method and language to investigate and write about(predicate) human experience is supposed to keep the research free of the values, passions, politics and ideology of the researcher. This approach to research is called positivist, or positivist-empiricist and it is the dominant one in social research. Positivist researchers believe that they can reach a full understanding based on experiment and observation. Concepts and knowledge are held to be the product of frank experience, interpreted through rational deduction (Ryan, n.d.).According to the positivist epistemology, scholarship is seen as the way to get at truth, to understand the world well becoming so that it might be prophesyed and controlled. The world and the universe are deterministic they operate by laws of cause and effect that are discernable if we apply the unparalleled approach of the scientific method. Thus, science is largely a mechanistic or mechanical affair in positivism. Deductive reasoning is used to postulate theories that can be tested. Based on the results of studies, we may learn that a theory does not fit the facts well an d so the theory must be rewrite to better predict reality. The positivists believe in empiricism, the idea that observation and measurement are at the core of the scientific endeavor. The key approach of the scientific method is the experiment, the attempt to discern natural laws through direct manipulation and observation (Krauss, 2005).The social scientist must study social phenomena in the alike state of thinker as the physicist, chemist or physiologist when he probes into a still unexplored region of the scientific domain. Objectivity is then defined by being the same as that of natural science and social life may be let offed in the same way as natural phenomena. This tradition may whence be characterized in wrong of the prediction and explanation of the behaviour of phenomena and the pursuit of objectivity, which is defined as the researchers detachment from the topic under investigation. The results of research using this method of investigation are then said to produce a set of true, precise and wide-ranging laws (known as covering laws) of human behaviour. We would then be able to generalize from our observations on social phenomena to make statements about the behaviour of the population as a whole. Positivism thus explains human behaviour in terms of cause and effect and information must then be collected on the socialenvironment and peoples reactions to it (May, 2001).In its broadest sense, positivism is a rejection of metaphysics. It is a position that holds that the goal of knowledge is simply to describe the phenomena that we experience. The purpose of science is simply to stick to what we can observe and measure. Knowledge of anything beyond that, a positivist would hold, is impossible. predict how people will behave everything else in amongst (like what the person is thinking) is irrelevant because it cant be measured. Positivists believe that reality is stable and can be notice and described from an objective viewpoint, without int erfering with the phenomena being analyse. They contend that phenomena should be isolated and that observations should be repeatable. This often involves manipulation of reality with variations in lonesome(prenominal) a hotshot independent variable so as to identify regularities in, and to form relationships among, some of the constituent elements of the social world (Positivism Post-Positivism, 2006).In empiricism knowledge is only authorize through sense experience, or in more recent versions through the surrogates of scientific instrumentation (which in the social sciences would include survey questionnaires and interview data). Its importance to scientific method in the natural and social sciences lies in the centrality of emphasis placed on empirical possibleness testing. Thus if we formulate a hypothesis such(prenominal) as industrialization leads to worker alienation, this is only meaningful if it can be verified empirically anything less is metaphysical speculation. M oreover empiricists (unlike realists) eschew claims of causal necessity, because (after Hume) it is maintained that although event A may precede event B in succession, we cannot be sure A brought about B. In social science this principle is exemplified by the social survey where the strength and direction of association between variables is expressed, but no necessary function claimed (Williams, 2006).Post- PositivismPost-positivism is a wholesale rejection of the central tenets of positivism. A post-positivist might begin by recognizing that the way scientists think and work and the way we think in our everyday life are not distinctly different. Scientific reasoning and common sense reasoning are essentially the same process. There is no difference in kind between the two, only a difference in degree. Scientists, for example, follow unique(predicate) procedures to assure that observations are verifiable, accurate and consistent. In everyday reasoning, we dont always proceed so guardedly (Positivism Post-Positivism, 2006).Constructivist/Naturalist WorldviewConstructionism is a perspective that considers facts, descriptions and other causes of objective reality to be inescapably contingent and rhetorical. This is a more recent formulation of constructionism (without the social) which follows the traditional view of social constructionism as a perspective wherein people are seen as produced (constructed) through social interaction rather than through genetic programming and biological maturation (Hepburn, 2006).Naturalism is the hypothesis that the natural world is a closed system in the sense that nothing that is not a part of the natural world affects it. More simply, it is the denial of the existence of supernatural causes. In rejecting the reality of supernatural events, forces, or entities, naturalism is the antithesis of supernaturalism (Augustine, 2012). The naturalist or constructivist view says that knowledge is established through the meanings at tached to the phenomena studied researchers interact with the subjects of study to obtain data inquiry changes both researcher and subject and knowledge is context and time dependent (Krauss, 2005).Constructivists maintain that scientific knowledge is constructed by scientists and not discovered from the world. Constructivists argue that the concepts of science are mental constructs proposed in order to explain sensorial experience. Another important tenet of Constructivist theory is that there is no single valid methodology in science, but rather a diversity of useable methods. Constructivism is opposed to positivism, which is a philosophy that holds that the only authentic knowledge is based on actual sense experience and what other individuals tell us is advanced and wrong (Guba Lincoln, 1994).Pragmatic ViewThe pragmatic approach to science involves using the method which appears best suited to the research problem and not getting caught up in philosophical debates about whic h is the best approach. Pragmatic researchers therefore grant themselves the freedom to use any of the methods, techniques and procedures typically associated with quantitative or qualitative research. They screw that every method has its limitations and that the different approaches can be complementary. The pragmatic approach to science involves using the method which appears best suited to the research problem and not getting caught up in philosophical debates about which is the best approach. Pragmatic researchers therefore grant themselves the freedom to use any of the methods, techniques and procedures typically associated with quantitative or qualitative research. They recognize that every method has its limitations and that the different approaches can be complementary. Being able to mix different approaches has the advantages of enabling triangulation. Triangulation is a common feature of mixed methods studies. It involves, for examplethe use of a variety of data sources ( data triangulation)the use of several different researchers (investigator triangulation)the use of multiple perspectives to interpret the results (theory triangulation)the use of multiple methods to study a research problem (methodological triangulation) (The four main approaches, 2012).Research is a necessary ingredient for a knowledge-based society, which includes a knowledge-based economy and its growth. A professional takings process is indispensablefor the dissemination of knowledge and the advancement of knowledge through further, innovative research. These goals of publishing are best reached by means of an open access publishing business model. It is essential that open access becomes the standard and does not remain the exception. Open access publishing should become a requirement for publicly funded research. In order to make open access publishing a success, the enthusiastic cooperation of the professional publishing companies active on the market is highly sought after (Engelend, 2011).Interpretivist ViewInterpretive researchers believe that reality consists of peoples subjective experience of the external world thus, they may adopt an inter-subjective epistemology of the ontological belief that reality is socially constructed. just about believe that interpretivists are anti-foundationalists who believe that there is no single correct route or particular method to knowledge. It has too been argued that in the interpretive tradition there are no correct or incorrect theories. Instead, they should be judged according to how interesting they are to the researcher as well as those snarly in the same areas. They attempt to derive their constructs from the field by an in-depth examination of the phenomenon of interest. Interpretivists assume that knowledge and meaning are acts of interpretation, hence there is no objective knowledge which is independent of thinking, reasoning humans (Research Methodology and Design, n.d.).The interpretivist researc h paradigm emphasizes qualitative research methods, which are flexible, context sensitive and largely concerned with understanding complex issues. Researchers widely debate how the trustworthiness of interpretivist research efforts is evaluated. Positivist researchers, who emphasize the issues of validity, reliability and generalizability, often regard qualitative research methods as unscientific. Several researchers raise new criteria for evaluating qualitative enquiry and many different approaches to evaluating qualitativeresearch have been discussed in the literature (Carcary, 2009).In the interpretivist paradigm, the researcher is not perceived as being entirely objective rather he/she is a part of the research process. Interpretivism recognizes the difficulty in making research value-free and objective. In terms of this view, a single objective reality does not exist. The social world does not lend itself to being understood by physical-law-like rules. Multiple realities need to be considered. These include an external reality, which is what actually occurred in the physical world, and internal realities, which are subjective and unique to each individual. Because each situation is different, the researcher needs to delve to a lower place the start of its details to understand the reality. The meaning derived by the researcher is a function of the circumstances, the people involved and the broad interrelationships in the situations being researched (Carcary, 2009).The interpretivist paradigm emphasizes qualitative research methods where words and pictures as opposed to verse are used to describe situations. In qualitative research, the researcher is actively involved and attempts to understand and explain social phenomena in order to solve what Mason (200218) calls the intellectual puzzle. It relies on logical inference (Hinton et al, 2003) and is sensitive to the human situation as it involves dialogue with informants. In general, the researcher coll ects large quantities of detailed evidence. Thus, qualitative research may achieve depth and breadth. Further, qualitative methods are useful when the researcher focuses on the dynamics of the process and requires a deeper understanding of behaviour and the meaning and context of complex phenomena. It is the most appropriate approach for studying a wide range of social dimensions, part maintaining contextual focus (Mason, 2002). Conducting qualitative research requires considerable reflection on the researchers part, and the ability to make a diminutive assessment of informants comments. It involves debating the reasons for adopting a course of action, repugn ones own assumptions and recognizing how decisions shape the research study (Carcary, 2009).Once a paradigm for research is chosen one must then decide on which research methods to employee in order to conduct their research. There are three different showcases of research methods that are available to those who are undergo ing research. These include quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. These methods will now be explored in great detail throughout the rest of this paper.There have always been important differences between the research findings derived from quantitative research and those of qualitative research. The two methodologies have different approaches and their intended goals are not the same. In many ways, they also have competing visions of what constitutes truth. Despite these differences, however, the two methodologies often work in effective symbiosis with each other and each brings to the othera level of understanding that it would not otherwise achieve (Barnham, 2012).Quantitative ResearchResearch involving the collection of data in numerical form for quantitative analysis. The numerical data can be durations, scores, counts of incidents, ratings, or scales. Quantitative data can be collected in either controlled or naturalistic environments, in laboratories or field studies, fr om special populations or from samples of the general population. The defining factor is that numbers result from the process, whether the initial data collection produced numerical values, or whether non-numerical values were subsequently converted to numbers as part of the analysis process, as in content analysis (Garwood, 2006).Quantitative research tends to be associated with the realist epistemology, the approach to knowledge that maintains that the real world exists, is directly knowable (although not necessarily at this moment) and that the real world causes our experiences. That is, real things exist, and these can be measured, and have numerical values assigned as an outcome measure, and these values are meaningful. These values can only be meaningful if researchers accept some of the criteria associated with the positivist standpoint (Garwood, 2006).Gaining numerical materials facilitates the measurement of variables and also allows statistical tests to be undertaken. For example, descriptive statistics can be used to illustrate and summarize findings, detect relationships between variables, as in correlation coefficient values, or inferential statistical analysis can be undertaken to establish the effects of different interventions, as in analysis of variance, analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of variance. Interactions between variables can also be investigated within experimental designs and also as part of the analysis of data from surveys or secondary sources. Changes over time can be more easily tracked using quantitative methods, as measures of the same properties can be taken at several points during an intervention (Garwood, 2006).Quantitative studies provide data that can be expressed in numbers-thus, their name. Because the data is in a numeric form, we can apply statistical tests in making statements about the data. These include descriptive statistics like the mean, median, and standard deviation, but can also include infer ential statistics like t-tests, ANOVAs, or multiple regression correlations (MRC). Statistical analysis lets us derive important facts from research data, including preference trends, differences between groups, and demographics (McClain, 2012).Quantitative research design is the standard experimental method of most scientific disciplines. These experiments are sometimes referred to as true science, and use traditional mathematical and statistical means to measure results conclusively. They are most commonly used by physical scientists, although social sciences, education and economics have been known to use this type of research. It is the opposite of qualitative research. Quantitative experiments all use a standard format, with a few minor inter-disciplinary differences, of generating a hypothesis to be proven or disproved. This hypothesis must be provable by mathematical and statistical means, and is the basis around which the whole experiment is designed. Randomization of any s tudy groups is essential, and a control group should be included, wherever possible. A sound quantitative design should only manipulate one variable at a time, or statistical analysis becomes cumbersome and open to question. Ideally, the research should be constructed in a manner that allows others to repeat the experiment and obtain similar results (Shuttleworth, 2008). soft ResearchQualitative research is a situated activity that locates the observer in the world. Qualitative research consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that make the world visible. These practices transform the world. They turn the world into a series of representations, including field notes, interviews, conversations, photographs, recordings, and memos to the self. At this level, qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them (Denzin Lincoln, 2011, p.3)Qualitative research is not a single set of theoretical principles, a single research strategy or a single method. It developed in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, across a range of disciplines, on varied and sometimes conflicting philosophical and theoretical bases, including cultural anthropology, interpretive sociologies (such as symbolic interactionism), phenomenology and, more recently, hermeneutics, critical theory, feminism, post-colonial theory, cultural studies, post-structuralism and postmodernism. These diverse approaches inevitably give rise to substantial differences and disagreements about the nature of qualitative research, the role of the researcher, the use of various methods and the analysis of data (Sumner, 2006).However, qualitative research is often based upon interpretivism, constructivism and inductivism. It is concerned to explore the subjective meanings through which people interp ret the world, the different ways in which reality is constructed (through language, images and cultural artifacts) in particular contexts. Social events and phenomena are understood from the perspective of the actors themselves, avoiding the imposition of the researchers own preconceptions and definitions. There is also often a concern with the exploration of change and unite in social relationships in context and over time (Sumner, 2006).The methods used in qualitative research, often in combination, are those which are open-ended (to explore participants interpretations) and which allow the collection of detailed information in a relatively close setting. These methods include depth interviewing, ethnography and participant observation, case studies, life histories, hash out analysis and conversational analysis. It is in the nature of qualitative research, with its emphasis on depth and detail of understanding and interpretation, that it is often small-scale or micro-level (Sum ner, 2006).According to Glesne (2006), qualitative methods strive to understand some type ofsocial phenomena through the perspectives of the individuals involved. Two major assumptionsinclude a predisposition that reality is socially constructed and that the variables in a situationare highly complex, interwoven and difficult to measure. The purpose of such research is tocontextualize, understand and interpret a situation. Typically, qualitative research begins withsome type of inductive inquiry, resulting in a hypothesis or participant generated theory. Theresearcher is considered the main instrument in a setting that is as naturalistic as possible. Themethods involved require a high level of descriptive writing and attention to detail. Moreover, asignificant amount of time to collect and process the data is required. The researcher is directlyinvolved with the research in a personal way.The various methodologies of qualitative inquiry allow a researcher to choose a strategythat is best suited for his or her purpose. Examples of qualitative research include ethnographies,grounded theory, case studies, phenomenologies and narratives (Designing a Qualitative Study, n.d.). Each methodology relies on specific protocols such as interviews, observations, content analysis, fieldwork, video and audio-taped transmissions, surveys or open-ended questionnaires. Data resulting from qualitative research should be thick in description, meaning that it go beyond surface explanation, expressing in-depth understanding not possible with quantitative methods. The methods of qualitative research are concerned with process, or how something occurs within the confines of the inquiry. The researcher constructs, analyzes and interprets data in a non-linear, non-chronological fashion (Szyjka, 2012).Participant ObservationOne of the most frequently used methods for qualitative data collection is participant observation, which is also one of the most challenging. It necessitates that t he researcher become a member of the culture or context that is being observed. The literature on participant observation discusses how to penetrate the context, the function of the researcher as a participant, the compilation and storage of field notes, and the examination of field data. Participant observation frequently requires months or years of concentrated work because the researcher needs to become accepted as a normal part of the culture in order to guarantee that the observations are of the natural occurrences (Qualitative Methods, 2006).AdvantagesThese include that it affords access to the wing culture it allows for richly detailed description, which they interpret to mean that ones goal of describing behaviors, intentions, situations, and events as understood by ones informants is highlighted and it provides opportunities for viewing or participating in unscheduled events. It also improves the quality of data collection and interpretation and facilitates the development of new research questions or hypotheses (Kawulich, 2005).DisadvantagesDisadvantages include that sometimes the researcher may not be concerned in what happens out of the public eye and that one must rely on the use of key informants. Different researchers gain different understanding of what they observe, based on the key informant(s) used in the study. Problems related to representation of events and the subsequent interpretations may occur when researchers select key informants who are similar to them or when the informants are community leaders or marginal participants. To alleviate this potential bias problem, it has been suggested that pretesting informants or selecting participants who are culturally competent in the topic being studied (Kawulich, 2005).Direct ObservationDirect observation is notable from participant observation in a number of ways. First, a direct observer doesnt characteristically try to become a participant in the environment. However, the direct observer does attempt to be as inconspicuous as possible so as not to prejudice the observations. Second, direct observation proposes a more disconnected perspective. The researcher is observing rather than taking part. As a result, technology can be a helpful part of direct observation. For example, one can videotape the occurrence or observe from behind one-way mirrors. Third, direct observation tends to be more centered on participant observation. The researcher is viewing certain sampled circumstances or people rather than trying to become engrossed in the complete context. Finally, direct observation tends not to take as long as participant observation. For example, one might observe interactions among people under specific conditions in a laboratory setting from behind a one-way mirror, looking particularly for any nonverbal cues that are being used (Qualitative Methods, 2006).Advantages alone observing people bypasses all the prob

Function And Production Of Insulin

Function And Production Of InsulinInsulin is a protein produced by islet cells in the pancreas. Insulin helps kind body regulate glucose in the body. Insulin reduces the substance abuse of fats as energy (gluconeogenesis) by utilizing glucose to produce energy. Patient with diabetes require insulin to keep the blood glucose levels under control. (1)The first roaring insulin was produced from ox pancreas (bovine insulin). Bovine insulin is similar to human insulin however bovine chemical substance composition is slightly different hence the body immune system produces antibody to jib bovine insulin. (4)Identical human insulin was produced by recombinant DNA engineering science, by inserting the insulin gene into a vector to produce human insulin. Production of human insulin by recombinant technology was accomplished and commercialized in 1982 by Genentech and Eli Lilly. (2)FunctionCarbohydrates consumed are broken down into glucose which then resides in the bloodstreams. This cau ses the body blood glucose (BBG) level to rise. The pancreas senses the rise in BBG level therefore, secretes insulin into the bloodstreams. The cell will absorb the released insulin and bind to it. Cells that are attached with insulin are able-bodied to absorb glucose from the bloodstream and turned it into energy. This energy is vital for immature cell growth and repairing damage cells. The main function of insulin is to move glucose from the bloodstream into the body cells and convert glucose into energy. (3)Chosen Host Escherichia coli (E. coli)E. coli was used as a soldiers to produce recombinant insulin since 1982. E. coli was widely used as host for the resultion of recombinant insulin because it was well studied, many vectors available and good characteristic. (5)E. coli advantages and suitability for producing insulin. (6)Fast growth rate e.g. able to reach optimal yield within hours of induction.Economical to grow and undemanding growth conditions.Good protein product ion rate.Can be frozen for storage and dethaw immediately for usage.Cellular structureE. coli is a rod-shaped bacterium measuring 1.8 microns in length and 0.8 microns in width. E. coli consist of (7)Inner and outer cell membraneCell wallPeriplasmFlagellaPiliCytoplasmChromosomeThe two main structures are cytoplasm and periplasm, where the production of recombinant insulin usually takes place. (5)StructureDetails and functionsCytoplasm (7)The cytoplasm contains most of the study component such as chromosomal DNA, RNA, nucleoid and ribosome.Cytoplasm provides support for the internal structure and provides a medium of suspension.Metabolic reaction and protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm.Periplasm (7)The periplasm is about 10nm thick.Located between the inner and outer membrane.Periplasm contains 80,000 proteins essential for nutrient binding, enzyme detoxifying and degradative and electron transport.Growth strategy for the production workInsulin is produce through tra nsmitted engineering. Firstly the gene producing human insulin is isolated and copied. A circular shape DNA (plasmid) is removed from the bacterium cell, and then victimisation special proteins to cut contribute the plasmid ring. The insulin gene is inserted into the open plasmid ring and closed again using special proteins hence the human insulin gene is now combined with the bacterium DNA plasmid. The recombinant plasmid is then inserted into the bacteria cytoplasm using a very small needle syringe. (8) High level protein production often leads to physical composition of inclusion bodies which accumulated through protein folding. (5)The chain approach method was used to produce human insulin in recombinant E. coli. Two different expression vectors were constructed carrying either insulin A- or B-chain gene fused to a shortened and inactive -interferon gene allowing a stable cytoplasmic production of recombinant insulin in E. coli in the form of inclusion bodies. (2) recuperati on of biologically active insulin from inclusion bodies has some advantages for example inclusion bodies accumulates protein in the cytoplasm to a much higher level, inclusion body could initially be isolated in a purified and concentrated state with just centrifugation process and final insulin concentration in E. coli can be increased significantly by high cell density culture (HCDC). (5)The HCDC technique was used to grow recombinant E. coli in a two stage cyclic fed troop bioreactor. later the expression system is developed, HCDC is carried out using synthetic medium with glucose as the sole carbon source to increase the recombinant protein concentration. (5) The induction of recombinant protein production was carried out by a temperature shift from 30 to 42oC. Expressions of the A- and B-chain genes are controlled using a strong promoter (bacteriopage lambda) therefore, protein are produce efficiently by temperature shift. (2)The first step of nicety to obtain human insulin was to centrifuge the solution to isolate the inclusion body. The inclusion bodies were then recovered from the centrifuge continued by dissolving the inclusion bodies using formic acid. Then use cyanogens bromide to cleave the peptide bond by hydrolysing the peptide bond for separation of insulin from the fusion protein partner. Finally the conversion to human insulin is performed by proteolytic removal of the connecting C-peptide and disulfide link. (2)The maximum productiveness is achieved when the growth and production phase are separated hence a two stage cyclic fed batch bioreactor is used. The first stage is use to grow the cell to an optimum cell density followed by the second stage where the growth is suppressed by chemical and production of protein is maximize. (5) The cyclic fed batch is used to ensure that toxins and biomass do not accumulate, extend the productive phase, control the growth rate and optimize the product synthesis. (9) The by-product produced from the pro cess was monomeric and multimeric forms of A- and B-chain connected by incorrect disulfide bridges. These by-products are collected too undergo sulfitolysis for recycling purposes. (2)How to analyse the growth processOff-line synopsis methods were used to analyse the growth process. Samples were taken from the process every 30minute to be used to determine the optical density600, dry cell weight, dissolved oxygen tension and concentration of glucose. Result from the test are compiled and plotted in graphs therefore the growth process could be analysed. (2)Possible problems and solutionThe major problem in production of insulin by recombinant E. coli is the rapid intracellular degradation of the recombinant protein. Insulin is then produced as a fusion protein with a protein partner that would direct the recombinant gene product towards the establishment of inclusion bodies. (2)Proteolytic degradation and over expressing protein can destabilize the protein hence protein are produc ed in the form of inclusion bodies which are complicated and expensive denaturing and refolding process during the downstream processing. To overcome this problem, recombinant protein could be targeted at the periplasm instead of the cytoplasm hence avoided formation of inclusion body. (5)In the process HCDC would cause several problems for example the confinement of dissolved oxygen due to high cell density and off gas accumulation which reduces the growth rate and enhance formation of acetate acid. The use of different promoters to regulate the level of expression and use of oxygen enriched air would minimize the problem. (5)During the HCDC process, overproduction of recombinant proteins often results in cell filamentation and stagnant growth. The filamentation of cells consequently lowers productivity and final cell concentration. The problem could be overcome by suppressing the cell filamentation, by co-expressing the E.coli ftsA and ftsZ genes. (5)Escherichia coli limitationsE. coli is not appropriate to produce large and multifactorial proteins which contain disulfide bonds or protein that require post translation modification. (5)Acetic acid is produce by E. coli when glucose is used as a carbon source. (5)Secretion of protein by E. coli is a complex process often fails due to incomplete translocation across the membrane and insufficient capacity of the export machinery.(10)

The Role of Magnocellular Cells in Dyslexia Essay -- Dyslexia Learning

The Role of Magnocellular Cells in Dyslexia Dyslexia is a defined as a learning disability characterized by problems in communicatory or receptive, oral or written language. Derived from the Greek newss dys (poor or inadequate) and lexis (words or language), dyslexia and other learning disabilities affect about 15% of the population. (What is dyslexia) Dyslexia itself can evidence itself in many different ways. People with dyslexia do non see words backwards or have other vision problems. Many dyslexics be gifted with outstanding musical abilities, or the ability to solve three-dimensional puzzles with little difficulty. (What is dyslexia) It is not representative of a below average mind and is not caused by behavioral or social problems. Dyslexia is caused by differences in the function and structure of certain areas of the brain. (What is dyslexia) Because of this, Dyslexia can not be cured and will never be outgrown. Appropriate teaching methods are taught to athletic support er those with dyslexia overcome their weakness by using their strengths. Understanding how this disability works and where it stems from can only help in the search for beneficial teaching techniques.Because there are many different aspects of dyslexia, very few dyslexics show all the signs of the disorder. Understanding some of the much devastating symptoms of the disorder provide a strong base for research in the area. Dyslexics may have difficulty encoding words, not be fitted to recognize sequences of numbers or of letters in words, either when read or written, or not be able to fully interpret book of instructions that they have been given. Imagine a person driving down the road who cannot distinguish between a sign that says 15 mph and 51 mph. Or a person wh... ... http//cognitrn.psych.indiana.edu/busey/idloc/idloc.htmlCornelissen, P.L. (1998). Coherent motion detection and letter position encoding. Vision Research Issue 38, 2181-2191.Cornelissen, P.L. (1998). Magnocellula r visual function and childrens single word reading. Vision Research Issue 38, 471-482.Newman, Renee (1998, April). Dyslexia Explanations from science. 8 paragraphs. Dyslexia and Dyscalculia Support Services of Shiawassee County available http//www.shianet.org/reneenew/dysl.htmlRidder, W.H. 3rd (1997). Not all dyslexics are created equal. Optometry and Visual Sciences, 74 (3), 99-104.Skottun, B. C. (1997). Some remarks on the magnocellular deficient theory of dyslexia. Vision Research Issue 37, 965-966.What is Dyslexia. 3 paragraphs. Discover Technology Online. Available http//discovertechnology.com/whatisdyslexia.html

Darkness and Death in Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night :: Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night

Themes of Darkness and Death in Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night whiz of the forms of analysis and criticism that is best used with many works is the analysis of archetypal jut outs. Many words and objects atomic number 18 images that have much deeper meanings and values than you, as a reader, take at face value. Many of the words and sentences in Dylan Thomas Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night give away the poems underlying radical of darkness and death. One of the archetypal images Thomas uses is that of the sagacious old man. Though wise men at their end know dark is right, because their words forked no sort outing they do not go gentle into that good night. This passing game speaks of wise men that fail. The archetypal definition of the wise man is one who possesses the qualities of insight, wisdom, cleverness, a spiritual principle, and much more. But aside from the fact that these men ar wise, their words still mean nothing. This passage gives the reader an un mistakable image of darkness in the lives of even those who are wise. A second image that portrays this theme is the fourth stanza of the poem. Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight, and learn, too late, they grieved it on its way, do not go gentle into that good night. Here the image of the sun represents the passing of life. And the men, who were too late in catching the sun and grieved it on its way, are giving us the image that the sun is setting. Or, as it could be interpreted, the sun for that day is dying. Here again we have a passage that is giving us a clear image of darkness. And here, also, we see Thomas referring to death. One of the strongest, if not the strongest, images of darkness and death is shown in the last two lines of the poem. Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light. The death of the light here shows us blackness the ultimate darkness.