Impact of credit crisis on international business - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3753 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Impact of Credit Crisis on International Business This paper tries to study the impact of credit crisis on international business. The relation between international business and financial crisis is two sided i.e. both the phenomena impact each other, The financial crisis of this scale could not have been a possibility if economies had not been coupled and secondly the impact of the crisis flew to other developing economies, those which did not have any direct exposure to these toxic assets through the financial integration only. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact of credit crisis on international business" essay for you Create order The contagion which is being witnessed across stock markets is a clear evidence of it. In turn, the crisis also determines the fate of international business. This is what we set out to study. In this paper we try to study the impact of recent credit crisis of 2008, which originated from America, on the International Business at global level. We propose to study the impact of the crisis on the international business under various heads i.e. factors that determine the international business like International Trade (Exports and Imports), Foreign Direct Investment ( both MA and green field), Foreign Trade Policies etc. Since these factors in turn are affected by Credit availability, GDP growth, Investment opportunities, Business confidence etc. The motivation behind such study is to be able to gauge how such crises determine the International business. A manager in International business will be highly helped, if he is able to predict and prepare for what challenges are ahead in the in ternational business arena, after such crisis has passed. Those who are better prepared will be able to whether the financial storm of this scale if not fully but predictably. Though, the scars of the crisis have been severe on the face of globalization as many countries have realized that their Exports, imports, Foreign direct Investment, Indirect investments like portfolio investments, integration with cross border businesses have been severely affected, but it has would have taught many lessons to policy makers and businesses. Structure of the Paper The paper would first define credit crisis, after which a brief history of similar crises will be detailed, entailing some of the plausible causes of such financial. Then we will delve deeper in to the causes behind The Great Credit Crisis as its been called. Further we will compare the current crisis and its predecessors. We will also highlight on the argument that this crisis was unprecedented and did not have much in common with earlier crises. Then we will discuss the impact of the financial crisis on International Trade, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Business Cycles and International trade Policies respectively. After which the brief conclusion will be offered followed by detailed reference list. Credit Crisis Credit crisis can be defined as a situation where in businesses and households though otherwise able to obtain credit normally for capital formation and purchasing consumer durables find it very difficult or sometimes impossible to obtain credit. Investopeadia defines credit crisis as crisisthat occurs when several financial institutions issue orare sold high-risk loans that start to default. As borrowers default on their loans, the financial institutionsthat issued the loans stop receiving payments.This isfollowed bya period in which financial institutions redefine the riskiness of borrowers, making it difficult for debtors to find creditors. History of Financial Crises Though world history is awash with financial upheavals not all of them can be termed as crisis as severity of some of them was less than others and thus some economists choose to term them as Credit crunch rather than crisis. One of the earliest and noticed financial crises was Dutch Tulip craze. An artificial bubble got created around Tulip prices in 1960s; as Tulips were highly sought after for their beauty and their unique colours. The bubble finally got burst when some traders started booking profits and the prices finally came down steeply and people lost their money. In 1857 the Civil War led US to a credit crisis which crashed equity prices and nations that traded with the US were severely affected. Another significant event in global financial history was the US stock market crash in 1929 which was a result of stock speculation during 1920s and when the economy started to slow down the market came down and the day 29th October in 1929 is remembered as the Black Tuesday. After recovering from The great depression The US enjoyed great economic development with increased government intervention as prescribed by John Maynard Keyenes in his economic theory. But again in 1966 the US slipped in to recession following a credit crisis and resulting deflation and huge economic slump. 1982 also witnessed a credit crisis that swept itself across developing countries and prevented them from paying their debts. Russia defaulted on its payments obligations in 1998 caused by financial crisis. In 2001 Argentina government defaulted on its payment obligations reflecting an economic crisis in the country. We cannot ignore what happened recently in Zimbabwe, where the economy got crippled in to hyperinflation. While todays financial crisis is more severe in its impact than the mentioned crises except The great depression. In fact there have been a lot of studies around comparison of these two great events in the history of the world economy The Great Depression and The Great Credit Crisis. One thing is very common to both of them they both originated from the USA and swept the entire world influencing most of the developed and developing economies. However the Impact of The great credit crisis should be more global because of increased integration of different economies in 2008 when compared to 1929. The impact of the current crisis on the trade would be different from the one of 1929 in one way i.e. way back in 1930s the industrial production was concentrated in North America and Europe while Latin American and Asian countries were more dependent on primary productions like agriculture and thus were more stable during The great depression, and the North American and European countries we re hurt badly. While today, since the industrial production is spread throughout the world the impact of the current crisis is fairly spread over various parts of the world, though its impact had been initially, in 2008, slower in the developing countries than the developed ones, but came 2009 and the impact had been clearly visible on developing countries too. A few countries, with highly regulated financial systems like banks with tighter following tighter monetary policies, have been speared a bit due to their limited exposure. The Causes behind the Current Crisis After seeing the fall of big invest banks during 1930s and its impact on investors confidence and the overall market an act known as The Glass-Steaglle act was passed which prohibited investment banks to operate as commercial banks also i.e. a commercial bank and an investment have to be two separate entities and a bank cant work as both commercial bank, offering risk free deposits, to general public, and an investment bank that serves corporate and government for their capital raising by issuing securities, trading in securities and facilitating Mergers and Acquisitions. The commercial bank model is low profit model in comparison to investment banking model, but off late due to increased competition profitability in investment bank also started getting thinner and thus these investment banks started innovating new products to earn higher income. The Glass- Steaglle act was also repealed in 1999 through another act i.e. GrammLeachBliley Act. Thus theses investment banks were allowed to convert themselves in to universal banks which had both the businesses combined that of commercial as well as investment bank. When the housing market was experiencing fast growth, before 2006, these banks started offering loans to people who were not credit worthy, i.e. sub prime loans, thinking that, even if these people default, increased prices of their properties that they would seize by foreclosure, would compensate for the losses on account non payment of the interest and principal repayment. Lending to the people with less or no credibility allowed these financial innovators to charge higher interest rates, which was a great incentive for other banks, institutions and hedge funds, as they were able to earn higher return on their investment. The problem of poor credibility was dealt with, with the introduction of credit default swaps (CDS) by AIG, which acted as the insurer against any default arising out of these subprime loans and was also able to hide the true risk of i nvesting in these sub-prime loans. They were able hide the true risk inherent in the toxic assets by combining them with prime securities and then slicing them. And with AIG as the insurer against any default they were able to get AA or even AAA rating fir these assets. Thus the investment banks connived to repackage their risky securities with some risk free securities to obtain good ratings and keeping their investors from knowing how much real risk investing in these collateralized debt would mean. Thus banks, world over, invested heavily to make quick money for their clients and themselves. And as The Glass Steaglle act had already been repealed in 1999, the money of the retail investors was also pumped in to these risky (read CDOs) assets. Everything remained undercover as long as the basic premise on which fate of such an arrangement rested, i.e. Housing prices would rise and thus any default (foreclosure) would not mean any loss as the price of the property would have risen f rom the purchase price. But the safe haven of housing prices appreciating at a fast pace proved short lived and when the housing bubble busted, the default started and losses increased and housing prices kept falling further, compelling to otherwise credible borrowers to default as they found out the property rates have cooled off and they are paying much more for a house than its current market price and this entire episode brought down first the investment banks and then their investors which ranged from banks, hedge funds to other institutions across the world economies. The worlds financial system nearly collapsed on account of it. Crisis and International Trade International Trade can be defined as exchange of capital goods and services between countries. This is the phenomenon which connects various countries in to a business relation and thus is responsible for globalization. It is the international trade that today determines the fate of most of the developed and developing countries. A countrys balance of payment which is net of exports (what a country give to other countries) and imports (what a country receives from other countries) determines it dominance in the global economy. International Trade is significant for both developed and developing countries. As for developing countries it affords them access to latest technology and newer products and for developed ones it affords them the market to sell their new products and services. Impact of Financial crisis on International trade has been seriously affected by the global financial crisis. Decelerating global demand caused by credit dry-up, increased uncertainty, severe financial loses, increased protectionism could be a few of the reasons behind this impact of global financial crisis on International trade. Before the global crisis the world was growing strongly, but came end 2007, when the impact of the housing bubble seemed surfacing and world trade activity started slowing down the global trade had been gradually hurt. The dry-up of credit and confidence, after the failure of Lehman Brothers, led to cancelled or deferred purchases of consumer goods specifically durable goods, as people became jittery about future. This led to sharp decrease in demand which brought down global trade with it. In November and December 2008 world trade volume were down by 5.3% and 7.0% respectively. The quarter of 2008 witnessed overall 6.0% down fall in world trade figures on a quarter to quarter basis. The world Purchasing Manager Index (PMI) which reflects the demand and thus the output came down steeply in 2008 going much below the 50% level which is used as a line for demarcation for contraction and expansion, clearly sending the message that world output and trend have contracted. Though in Februa ry 2009 it had gained some momentum but still, remained below the contraction expansion threshold. (Ion and Cornelia: 2009) The IMFs expectation for world trade growth is that it will be down to 2.1% in 2009 in comparison to robust 9.3% growth in 2006. World Bank also shares a similar view that the world trade will stagnate due to financial crisis. While the actual impact of it on a country will be determined by direct and indirect linkages to different developed countries like the US and other affected countries, what is structure of trade like extent of exports and imports and how much do they depend on crisis struck countries for remittances and financial flows, and how their government responds with policy measures. One important reason for such a down turn in global trade is poor availability of trade finance, due to financial crisis. The same concern was voiced in the WTO meeting that took place in Geneva in the year 2008. The Crisis and FDI FDI stands for Foreign Direct Investment which is the purchase of the physical assets or a significant amount of ownership (stock) of a company in another country in order to gain a measure of management control.(Richard J. Hunter, Jr., 2005:2). Impact of the crisis on FDI The FDI inflows generally tend to more stable than the other investments because of longer horizon, less reversibility, it results in ownership and operation of productive facilities. Moreover the purpose to invest incase through FDI could be having new markets, setting up production facility and other business interest which is absent in case of portfolio and other investments. However there has been considerable impact on FDI inflows and outflows on the crisis struck countries. FDI may get affected by financial crisis on account of several reasons: Tighter Credit Profits generated by MNCs are flown back to save financially troubled parent companies in the parent country Decreased future expectations of appreciation in the currency of the host country Decreased business confidence Fear of Protectionism by the host country As per the world investment report by The UN Conference on Trade and Development UNCTAD global FDI flows which was at US $2.0 trillion in 2007 fell down to US $ 1.7 trillion in 2008, a 14 % slide over last year. In the first quarter of 2009 the dip in FDI flows was by 44% when compared to same quarter 2008 figures. Globally, in 2008, the MA sales decreased by around 40% while the same was 56% down for in Europe in the same year During 2008 FDI flows for developed countries dipped by 29% reflecting a sharp decline in MA activities. It would be by 2011 only that the FDI flows figure would retreat to 2008 figures. In 2008, The United Kingdom was replaced by France as the highest receiver of FDI in Europe. The top position as both the receiver and the source of FDI was retained by the US in 2008 also followed by France. In fact, the year 2008 has been very fortunate for the developing countries as their contribution to global FDI increased to 43% but UNCTAD clearly warns for poor figures in 2009 as the contagion from the developed countries has reached to the developing countries now. Looking industry wise there is some good news as, in 2009 the agricultural and extractive industries have been steady but manufacturing has underperformed due to more direct linkage with business cycles. As opposed to MA, green field project remained very strong in 2008, but 2009 has rung well with them as the figures are down in 2009. FDI flows to developed countries plunged by 29% during 2008, reflecting a sharp reduction in merger and acquisition (MA) activity. MA sales were down 39% globally in 2008 and by as much as 56% in Europe. During 2010, a gradual recovery in overall FDI is expected to be under way, up to US$1.4 trillion, and only by 2011 are flows expected to have returned to 2008 levels. The United States continued to be the largest single recipient of FDI during 2008, followed by France, China, the United Kingdom (which lost its top spot in Europe), Russia and Spain. The biggest sources of outward flows were the United States, France, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom. Japan, Switzerland and Canada were particularly notable for the growth of their outward investment in 2008. Countries suffering particularly sharp declines in inward investment included the United Kingdom, Italy and Germany. (IHS Global Insight: 2009) Business Cycles and the Financial crisis Business cycle refers to economy wide ups and downs in the economic activity and production, between periods of contraction and boom. Impact of the crisis on Business Cycles Businesscycles Prior to the recent crisis, there were strong arguments in favour of decoupling of Business Cycles between large emerging Asian and developed economies. The last two decades data had also supported the argument quite well. Many large transnational used Asian economies as their production hubs, still prior to the financial crisis of 2008 ther was low or negative correlation between most developed countries and Asian economic leaders like China and India, supporting the theory of decoupling of business cycles. But financial crisis has increased the co movement of business cycles of emerging and developed economies. In fact Business cycles of India and China (read Asian emerging market leaders) have started taking after OECD countries business cycles. (Iikka and Jarko: 2009) There will see a clear change in the way world economies relate with each other. There will be more interdependence between emerging and developed economy (The US rather than dependence of emerging economies on developed economies ((Iikka and Jarko: 2009) Financial crisis and Foreign Trade Policies Foreign Trade Policy is a set, of guidelines, which helps a government in deciding their response towards trade with other countries. Impact of the Crisis on Foreign Trade Policy After every crisis people start questioning the free market philosophy and, are generated arguments over whether government should intervene or let the free market determine the best interest of the society and support for Protectionism suddenly gathers decibel. As has happened in the past after every crisis governments in their rush to protect domestic economy go for Protectionist measures. But this crisis has not been followed by much Trade and Investment protectionism. As per UNCTADs survey of Changes to National Laws and Regulations, 85, out of 110 new FDI related measures that were introduced, have been gauged to be favourable. The same survey also revealed that the number of bilateral treaties stands at 2676, with 59 of them concluded during 2008 only. So we can say that the trade policies have not been severely affected by the crisis (UNCTAD: 2008) Conclusion The current financial crisis that surfaced somewhere, in 2008 had been brewing for a long time. The main reasons behind the crisis were the same as with any other crisis i.e. Greed of people. The crisis has been the most severe after The Great Depression. The crisis has really impacted the world in many ways. Though the impact of the crisis has varied degree of impact on different countries, it certainly has been a global phenomenon. The significance of the crisis in world economic history would be very great as it has impacted the international business in great many ways. The developing countries, in though, not directly exposed, but felt the heat of the crisis, because of increased integrating with the global world. The impact of the crisis on the international business has been significant. The international trade i.e. exports and imports have been severely affected for both developed and developing nations. Developing countries had a great time in 2008 with their share in global trade rising to 43% but overall the global economy faced a downturn in global trade at around 6% in the last quarter of 2008 on a quarter to quarter basis. The impact on FDI has also been significant with global FDI flow declined by 14 % from US $2.0 trillion in 2007 to US $ 1.7 trillion in 2008. The first quarter of 2009 posted even more dismal figures with global FDI down by 44 % when compared to the first quarter of 2008. The impact on business cycles has been mixed with both good and bad into it. While this crisis has actually proved the concept of decoupling of the business cycles between developing and developed nations, but at the same time it would also help bringing down the imbalances in the global trade by making Americans save more than earlier. The best thing so far has been the way different governments have responded to the crisis with their foreign trade policy. There have been very limited instances of Protectionism, which proves that the world is really getting integrated and nations are realizing that for long term benefits they have to interdependent on each other. Thus a better integrated world should economy should prevail. References: Cornelia, Ion 2009, THE IMPACT OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS ON THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE, Scientific Bulletin Economic Sciences, Vol. 8 (14). Robert 2001, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTORS IN THREE FINANCIAL CRISES, NBER Working Paper Series. Iikka, Jarka 2009, THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS ON BUSINESS CYCLES IN EMERGING ASIAN ECONOMIES, BOFIT Discussion papers. Kelvin 2008, THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN LATIN AMERICA, LATN. Cali et al2008, THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS: FLOWS TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SET TO FALL BY ONE QUARTER, Overseas Development Institute. Leonard, Zihui, 2003, THE EFFECTS OF FINANCIAL CRISES ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE, NBER Working Paper Series. Dick2009, THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS: FOREIGN AND TRADE POLICY EFFECTS,CRS Report for Congress Mark et al2009, IMFSUPPORTED MACROECONOMIC POLICIES AND THE WORLD RECESSION: A LOOK AT FORTYONE BORROWING COUNTRIES, CEPR Zhiwei2009, HOW DOES THE US CREDIT CRISIS AFFECT THE ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIES? ANALYSIS BASED ON A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL, Working Paper Hong Kong Monetary Authority Miguel et al 2009, FROM GREAT DEPRESSION TO GREAT CREDIT CRISIS: SIMILARITIES, DIFFERENCES AND LESSONS, European Commissions Seventh Research Framework Programme Richard2005, AN INTRODUCTION AND PRIMER ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, UNITAR/SHU Series on International Economics and Finance Bracke et al 2008, A Framework for Assessing Global Imbalances, European Central Bank Occasional Paper Series Bernanke, B. 2007, Global Imbalances: Recent Developments and Prospects, Speech at the Bundesbank Lecture. https://www.oecd.org/document/62/0,3343,en_2649_37431_42218942_1_1_1_1,00.html https://in.reuters.com/article/marketsNewsUS/idINL330590520090403 https://www.wsws.org/articles/2009/jan2009/manu-j03.shtml https://www.economywatch.com

The Evolution of Religion Essay - 967 Words

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Windows Me Essay Example For Students

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Certain CMOS settings or anti-virus software can prevent Windows Setup from installing the correct system files on your computer. To replace your system files:1. Restart your computer by using the Windows ME Startup Disk, selecting option 1 on the Startup menu, and then pressing ENTER. 2. Close the Help file. 3. Follow the instructions on the screen to run Setup. 4. Choose Use Safe Recovery if prompted. A Note on Anti-Virus SoftwareIf anti-virus programs are left running during Setup, they might prevent Setup from properly updating the system files. **********IMPORTANT: You might receive a warning message after the first restart during Setup, informing you that the Master Boot Record or other files have changed. If you see such a message, you MUST accept these changes or Setup may fail to update critical files that Windows ME uses to start your computer. **********Setup Stops Responding During Hardware DetectionIf Setup stops responding while it is detecting the hardware in your computer, turn your computer off and wait a few seconds, and then turn it back on. You may need to do this several times. Choose Use Safe Recovery when Setup restarts. Setup could stop responding during several different detection modules and will skip areas it fails to complete successfully. .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663 , .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663 .postImageUrl , .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663 , .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663:hover , .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663:visited , .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663:active { border:0!important; } .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663:active , .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663 .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf51ed8e031b7fa5064c83f1964176663:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Good God Essay**********IMPORTANT: Use the power switch to turn your computer completely off. Do not use the reset button or press CTRL+ALT+DEL to restart your computer. **********If Setup still fails to complete successfully, it may be necessary to start your computer in Safe Mode so that you can view the Help topics associated with hardware detection. =======================UNINSTALLING WINDOWS ME=======================If the above steps do not work, you can try to uninstall Windows ME and return to your previous version of Windows. To uninstall Windows ME, you must have chosen to save uninstall information during Windows ME Setup. The uninstall information is saved in the Winundo.dat and Winundo.ini files. If these files are deleted, you cannot uninstall Windows ME. **********IMPORTANT: You should not attempt to Uninstall Windows ME if the partition information for your hard disk or disks has changed since you last installed Windows ME successfully. Windows ME creates a backup copy of your partition information in the Suhdlog.dat file at the end of a successful installation, and Uninstal.exe restores the partition information listed in the Suhdlog.dat file to your hard disk during Uninstall. If the partition information on your hard disk or disks has changed since you last installed successfully (specifically, since the Suhdlog.dat file was created), then you might experience partial or complete data loss as a result of attempting to Uninstall Windows ME. **********To uninstall Windows ME:1. Restart your computer using the Windows ME Startup Disk, selecting option 1 on the Startup menu, and then pressing ENTER. 2. Close the Help file. 3. At the command prompt, type each of the following lines, pressing ENTER after each line. smartdrv : cdcommand uninstal.exe NOTE: is the drive letter of the drive containing the Windows folder (the default is C). is the name of the Windows folder (the default is Windows). 4. Type Y when you are prompted to continue. This process can take several minutes. NOTE: SmartDrive (Smartdrv.exe) is not required to run Uninstal.exe, but it can significantly speed up the process. =====================================================INSTALLING WINDOWS ME WITH WINDOWS NT OR WINDOWS 2000=====================================================You cannot install Windows ME over any version of Windows 2000 or Windows NT, but they can exist together on a single system. However, for compatibility reasons, it is recommended that you install each to a separate hard disk or partition. If Windows NT is already installed, Windows ME Setup will add itself to the Windows NT boot menu to allow you to multi-boot between Windows ME and Windows NT. ========================================INSTALLING WINDOWS ME ON A NEW HARD DISK========================================See the document Installing Windows Millennium Edition to a New Hard Disk, located at :Win9xCleanhd.Txt. You might also find the Setup readme useful. It is located at :Win9XSetup.txt.

Windshield Survey Reflection Sample Essay Example For Students

Windshield Survey Reflection Sample Essay While finishing my windscreen study I had many disclosures about the community I have lived near all my life. They will be discussed along with three facets of community life that could impact wellness. each with two nursing intercessions that would bring forth a positive consequence on the wellness index. It will name community wellness partnerships. while placing cultural diverseness and its function in community wellness. All my life I have lived near the metropolis of Watertown population 30 1000. The economic system has been affected for the worse along with many occupation losingss locally over the last 20 old ages. My feeling of the country has ever been that is consisted of largely middle- income to upper- income criterion of life with minimum low income. After finishing the windscreen study â€Å"the equivalent of a community caput to toe appraisal. † ( Stanhope. A ; Lancaster. 2012. p. 420 ) so re-driving the same path once more was a existent oculus opener. The who le metropolis is so complex the thought of boundaries that aren’t fencings was foreign to me at first but is now so obvious. We will write a custom essay on Windshield Survey Reflection Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Looking closely at the places and the status the houses. paces. pavements were in gives an thought of the prosperity of the people populating at that place. It can be easy to drive through residential countries on occasion and non truly see the status the community is in. It takes a trained oculus to readily place concerns. The country has a big military base within 20 stat mis so there is a diverse cultural population with a big part being immature individual males. The first nursing diagnosing of intoxicant and drug usage is refering for many countries of the population. From the solider place on leave many with PTSD. to the many other people in the community that maltreatment intoxicant and drugs. The two intercessions would be rehabilitating the person and guidance to forestall backslide status by supplying the individual with effectual get bying accomplishments. The military community has a big Post Traumatic Stress Rehabilitation centre on base for the soldiers to seek attentio n. The local community has Credo Foundation that has in patient attention for those in demand of rehabilitation services. and outpatient guidance services to assist better behaviours and advancement during the rehabilitation procedure. Many other community services exist to supply support for the addicted individual. such as in-patient mental wellness section at the local infirmary. The 2nd intercession would be to make community support for proper nutrition and wellness intercession related to increased wellness issues due to alcohol and drug maltreatment. This could be provided through public wellness testing clinics. wellness just information. Red Cross soup kitchens. The 2nd wellness concern would be the high rate of adolescent gestation. A diagnosing could be anxiety related to deficiency of income and medical attention during gestation due to deficiency of instruction and household support. The intercessions would be to seek aid from the community WIC. PCAP and societal service office for immediate fiscal aid so medical attention would non be delayed. The 2nd would be to supply community support and instruction. parenting categories. etc. . to the vulnerable population on adolescent gestation while making gro ups within the community to go on supplying support for those in demand. The 3rd wellness concern is the degree of illiteracy in the community much of it related to the high rate of adolescent gestation. The first intercession would be diminishing the figure of high school bead outs while increasing the degrees of reading accomplishments in school. This could be done by making community support that will increase the handiness of coachs. support groups. in school and the community. to help child care ( BOCES provides in school twenty-four hours attention ) that will maintain immature parents in school. The 2nd would be increasing the handiness fiscal support so the teenage parents can afford to remain in school. community support and public bureaus ( Catholic Charities. Church nutrient larders ) could supply the aid that may be needed to finish the proper signifiers leting for aid. The culturally diverse populations in the community still face the same issues with intoxicant and drug maltreatment. along with adolescent gestation and illiteracy. Often this is due to linguistic communication barriers and a hapless apprehension of the cultural norms for the specific population. Bilingua l suppliers. and written information provided in native linguistic communications is the first measure in bettering communications and apprehension of the populations diverse demands. Communicationss provided in the media via Television. wireless. cyberspace and written word is a everyday procedure. .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce , .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce .postImageUrl , .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce , .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce:hover , .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce:visited , .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce:active { border:0!important; } .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce:active , .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b68b1444a3332c47cb5e87d4ae878ce:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gender Differences in Workplace EssayThe function of the community is to advance public wellness to better the wellness of each person that will in bend improve the wellness of the whole community. The national partnership for action. is an â€Å"inclusive wellness and societal system that treats people equitably and creates conditions in which all people can accomplish optimum wellness reflects an educated society and a strong economic system. † ( Minority wellness. 2012 ) It is so of import for the members of a community to hold medical attention available along with community support so all communities can boom. A function of nurses in the Healthy people 2020 is to be a patient advocator and aid bridge the communicating spread between the medical community and the community’s population. Nurses can supply information on adolescent gestation in the school scene and the community puting through schools. clinics and local infirmaries ; besides in place support through Cornell concerted extension and public wellness. These procedures should ever acknowledge the cultural diverseness of the local community. Mentions: HealthyPeople. gov Stanhope. M. A ; Lancaster. J. . ( 2012 ) . Public wellness nursing: Population-centered wellness attention in the community ( 8th ed. ) . St. Louis. Moment: Mosby Elsevier World Wide Web. minorityhealth. Department of Health and Human Services. gov

Emma Nicholas Essays (2456 words) - , Term Papers

Emma Nicholas Professor Fortunato FMP 201 26 April 2013 Final Exam Question One: Hollywood is crowded with a gargantuan amount of films. Each of these films underwent a tumultuous process to become the final product now being shown on the big screen. Often heedless, the average film-uneducated viewer views the film as the whole in which it is being presented. Dive behind the red velvet curtain, taking a peek into the strenuous world of cinema. It is best to "write what you come to know" (Development). This has the tendency to hold as a far more accurate statement. One should commence "with a strong idea inspired by actual events, literature, [or] personal experiences" (Tomaric 3). Though there are other options to exhaust such as already existing sources. In order to use already developed sources or ideas, one must secure the rights. Procuring the rights from the author of a previous work or an individual whose story is inspirational enables the user to proceed with their vision. When the work is either an original creation or acquired rights; a proof of Chain of Title is in order to obtain insurance and distribution (Development). Following a secured Chain of Title happens to the blueprint for the entire film, the script. A script is crafted by a creative screenwriter, who lays out the script in a "format regulated by tradition not law" (Development). Oddly enough, the screenwriter may also be a "hyphenate" in which case they are also producer and director for the film. As the idea has developed from a mental thought to a physical script, then begins the hiring process. The shot list and budget determine what crew positions are needed to fill on set. Perhaps it is wise to begin with hiring a producer, whom "makes the overall project take shape" (Who). In charge of the artistic vision of the film is the director who "translates and visually gives life to the screenplay" (Who). Preceding these, hire the director of photography, production designer and unit production manager. In which case, grant these position holders the ability to appoint department heads. Making the job easier on the individual heading the film, these department heads will hire subordinate crew members, who must be approved by the directors themselves. Trailing this process, crew members are required to sign a crew deal memo outlining the terms of their employment (Tomaric). With employees comes paychecks and these paychecks add a crucial part in the budgeting. Beginning with selecting a business formula, it must be established whether the film is for profit or art (Tomaric). Collaborate with a line producer to develop a budget to show investors. If using investors on a film, there lies the "rule of three: meet and know your investors personally." Shape the budget by shuffling scenes, reducing the numbers of shooting days, tightening actors' schedules and reducing camera set-ups. Determine union payment guidelines and restrictions concerning the actors and crew. Develop a business plan that includes the budget, script, attached actors and key crew positions. Approach investors to raise money for the project. Form a company and open a bank account. With budget intact, begins pre-production. And where will the film be shot? First, hire a location scout who knows the local area. It is imperative to capture pictures of every location using the panoramic technique. A local film commission sometimes has panoramic shots of popular locations. Location scouting needs to occur early in order for "tech scouts" to choose the location (Pre-production). Secure the location by contract, specifying the conditions upon arrival and return. Inquire the exact price of location, the days/hours it will be used. And after using the location were the ending conditions the same or does it need to be restored to its original condition. Locations are finalized, next step, putting them to good use. At the start of production each morning coffee and breakfast are set-up before call-time. The set location is unlocked and secured. Cast and crew begin arriving based on their call times. Frist assistant director walks everyone through the set before the crew begins unloading equipment in designated areas. Make-up and hair departments set-up and begin prepping the actors. Then there is a meeting with the entire cast and crew to review the scenes

Creamlines Distribution System Essay Example

Creamlines Distribution System Essay Example Creamlines Distribution System Essay Creamlines Distribution System Essay Business! For Everyone! Creamlines ice cream products are indeed delicious, but you wont find them in your favorite supermarket. This is because Creamlines primary distribution system is the network of sari-sari stores scattered all over the country, says Martinez. As its contribution to nation-building, says Madrid, Creamline has come up the Instant Negosyo concept. For a small amount of money, a sari-sari store owner can be a retailer of Creamline products. All he needs to do is purchase P3,000 worth of ice cream products and Creamline will provide him with a freezer on loan. No expense. The only expenditure is putting the product. The content is P3,000. Of course, you must have a store and good location. In a way, we are giving jobs to everyone, says Madrid. This is a good business opportunity for micro-entrepreneurs as well as overseas contract workers looking to start a small enterprise when they get home. For those with bigger capital to spare, Creamline also offers opportunities for dealers (who take care of the retailers requirements) and distributors (who take care of the dealers requirements). Creamline also offers franchises for those who wish to sell direct to consumers via scooping stations. These stations should ideally be located in such high traffic areas as schools, malls, and bus terminals. Leaving no stone unturned, the company also started sending out ambulant vendors in selected areas. More popularly known as sorbeteros, these vendors sell Creamlines Choco Bulilits, Cream Cones, Cream Bars, and other ice cream products. Not surprisingly, Creamline has done quite well. The company is now operating nationwide, reaching out of Metro Manila and into Central Luzon, Southern Luzon, Cebu, Davao, and Cagayan de Oro, and garnering numerous fans along the way. If production is any indication, it would be good to note that the company has doubled its plant area since it opened its Pampanga anufacturing facility in 2004. In two years, says Martinez, Creamline plans to put up another manufacturing facility so that distribution will be even more efficient. In the future, Madrid says the company hopes to expand the business, penetrating new markets and developing new products while always giving value for money to their customers. If Creamline Dairy Corporation stays true to its core values of quality, affordability, accessibility, and consistency, then Madrid believes that it wo uld be a truly creamy success.

Proposal Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposal - Article Example Infringing products have consequently been targeted for a ban in the United States, including Samsung's front line, iconic Galaxy series phones. The message seems to be this, that Apple will protect its American turf from Samsung, which it views as largely copying Apple's designs and technologies for the iPhone. The peripheral goal, too, is to make sure that Samsung is put on notice as Apple brings the fight to other markets and legal jurisdictions the world over. There are big underlying logistics and design considerations that are tied to these battles, apart from the patents, but the patent front is the busiest by far, and most visible. This is owing to the fact that in the smart phone market, whoever holds the patents for key technologies and innovations have the ability to dictate the terms of their use. Meanwhile, what complicates the picture is that both rely on economies of scale and efficiency in parts production and sourcing. Moreover, tied to this, Samsung is also a suppli er of essential components of smart phones to Apple. This being the case, it is difficult for the two players to untangle themselves from the patent mess that they find themselves in. For Samsung it is a delicate balancing act, because as much as they need to compete in smart phones, they also rely on Apple to shore up their own components business, and losing Apple would amount to losing a valuable components customer. For Apple, the tussles with Samsung on the smart phones front highlights their need to find alternative suppliers for essential components (Lohr, 2012; Lloyd et al., 2011; Cromar, 2010; Gerardin and Layne-Farrar, 2011; Seppala and Kenney, 2012; Layne-Farrar, 2012; Boldrin and Levine, 2012; Siren, 2011; Gotts and Sher, 2012; Hagiu and Yoffie, 2011; Allison et al., 2012). Problem Formulation The literature review has highlighted the need for innovation around key aspects of technology, components, design, and software for both Samsung and Apple moving forward. Also, as far as Samsung is concerned, Apple's litigation win underscores the need to shore up Samsung's intellectual property portfolio in order to protect its smart phones business and to make sure that Samsung continues to dominate the market in the future. One key problem is that while Samsung has an enviable position as a key manufacturer of essential smart phones components, and benefits from scale economies by being so, its reliance on Android and its seeming problems with defending itself from intellectual property lawsuits from Apple and other firms makes it vulnerable. The problem is how is Samsung to position itself and to spend its money and resources so that it is able to get itself into a better position relative to the intellectual property battles it is engaged in with Apple and other firms (Lohr, 2012; Lloyd et al., 2011; Cromar, 2010; Gerardin and Layne-Farrar, 2011; Seppala and Kenney, 2012; Layne-Farrar, 2012; Boldrin and Levine, 2012; Siren, 2011; Gotts and Sher, 2012; H agiu and Yoffie, 2011; Allison et al., 2012). . Proposal This is a proposal that takes off from the problem formulation above, and tries to come up with a viable strategy for Samsung relative to its competitors in the global smart phones market. That strategy has to address the gap in Samsung's arsenal of patents related to innovations in basic technologies, components, and design, among other things. The proposal is to explore different strategic options

Deconstructing Design Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Deconstructing Design - Thesis Example Furthermore, it demonstrates that this profession has demanding standards, which attract intelligent and motivated people. The general public should thereby also recognise the design profession and the work involved as valuable and a display of intelligence besides being creative. This issue is relevant to the field and worthy of attention because addressing it can help promote the design profession and improve its image as a knowledgeable one. This could make people better aware of what design really involves and its demanding and competitive nature. The techniques used in image making and branding in advertising will be illustrated for the purpose. In addition, examples of works will be given that demonstrate the challenges designers face so that readers appreciate their valuable role in the profession. Simply stated, a designer is a person who designs. A designer therefore specifies certain properties of something that is to be made, created, built or laid out. However, a more precise definition also requires mention of the typical distinguishing qualities found in a designer and the kind of work he or she engages in. For example, an empirical study by Rourke & Sweller (2009) showed that a proper appreciation and identification of a designer’s work requires at least a moderate level of visual literacy skills. This shows that designers themselves must have strong visual literacy skills that enable them to produce the kind of work they do. Moreover, only a designer is able to truly understand the design challenges, both historical and present, that are involved in a work (Kowalski, 2007). As a profession, a designer is one â€Å"who develops solutions to commercial needs that require the balancing of technical, commercial, human and aesthetic requirements† (DIA, 2010). There are many areas in which designers work, so the work handled by a designer determines the type of a designer. For example,

Qatar sporting legacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Qatar sporting legacy - Essay Example In line with the economic potential of hosting local and international sports events, the present study aims to determine the social, political and economic factors that have acted as the foundation upon which Qatars sporting legacy is being built. A qualitative approach has been utilized, wherein data collection was processed using interview responses as primary sources, whereas journals, have been used as secondary sources. The study focused on answering the questions, (1) can Qatar be a viable venue for holding sports events (2) does Qatar have the necessary sporting infrastructure, economic and political stability to sustain its sporting legacy on a long term basis, (3) can other Asian countries sustain a sporting legacy, similar to what Qatar has done. The researcher was able to determine that Qatar has the resources and the capacity to become a prime venue for holding both international and local sports events, as well as sustain its sports legacy on a long-term basis. This is due to the country’s stable economic and political state, as supported by the nations passion towards sports. It has also been found that other Asian economies would only be able to emulate Qatars sporting legacy, given that the factors necessitated in creating one would only be present in one form. Sports stand to command a pivotal place in Qatar’s social and national life. One primary reason behind this phenomenon is the fact that people in the Middle East do have a special predilection for outdoor activities. The sports legacy of Qatar is a unique mix of the new developments as well as age-old traditions. This is why, in the last two decades, the government of Qatar has embarked on a unique policy to promote the local and international sports in Qatar (QSC, 2010). The primary thrust of this policy is to introduce and support new sports like golf, soccer and tennis, while at the same time encouraging traditional sports like camel racing and horse racing. There is no

Financial Analysis of banking sector of India

Financial Analysis of banking sector of India Financial Analysis of banking sector of India: Special Reference to Private Sector Banks Financial statements are those statements which provide information about profitability and financial position of a business. It includes two statements, i.e., profit loss a/c or income statement and balance sheet or position statement. The income statement presents the summary of the income earned and the expenses incurred during a financial year. Position statement presents the financial position of the business at the end of the year. This paper is try to present all the components of balance sheet and profit and loss account in common size and analyze the individual item in Balance Sheet Profit Loss A/c as compare to total liabilities/Assets/Income/Expenditure. Objectives To compare the financial position with the help of Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account To compare the financial performance through a common-size financial statement. Introduction After preparation of the financial statements, one may be interested in knowing the position of an enterprise from different points of view. This can be done by analyzing the financial statement with the help of different tools of analysis such as Common size statement analysis, funds flow analysis, cash flow analysis, Common size/ comparative statement analysis, etc. Here I have done financial analysis by Common size financial statement analysis. Common size financial statement analysis, also called vertical analysis, is just one technique that financial managers use to analyze their financial statements. It is not another type of income statement. It is just a tool that is used to analyze the income statement and position statement. With the use of this method of common-size financial statements, the comparisons between the financial statements of different companies become easy. In this method, each of figures in the financial statements are reported in the form of percentage. Thi s percentage is the figure of one frequent base figure. This base figure determines the percentile of all the figures in the common-size financial statements. By using this method, it is easy to compare the financial statements of the same company from different periods or comparing the companies of different size. Due to this method, the bias between the company sizes is removed, and investor can effectively compare the financial statements. The selection of base figure depends on the financial statements head. In income statements, the revenue can be selected as the base figure and all the incomes and expenses can be measured against it. Moreover, in the balance sheet of the company, all the related items are divided by the total of their items. For example, if the investor wants to find out the percentage of the inventory in balance sheet, he or she will have to divide the figure of inventory with the total assets. Methodology For the purpose of this study individual item of balance sheet converted into common size i.e.in 100 for this purpose an individual item in balance sheet divided by total assets/total liabilities and converted into 100.This is also to profit and loss account i.e. individual item in profit and loss account divided by total income/total expenditure and converted into100.For this analysis three years Balance Sheet and Profit and loss account of top three private banks viz.ICICI bank,HDFC bank and Axis bank was analyzed. Balance Sheets as on 31st March 2011 Capital and Liabilities Axis(Rs.000) HDFC(Rs.000) ICICI(Rs.000) Capital 4,105,458 0.169 4,652,257 0.167 11521129 0.283 Reserves and Surplus 185,882,797 7.658 249140426 8.982 539,388,244 13.277 Deposits 1,892,378,010 77.967 2,085,864,054 75.206 2,256,021,077 55.535 Borrowings 262,678,824 10.822 143,940,610 5.189 1,095,542,771 26.968 Other Liabilities and Provisions 82,088,627 3.382 289,928,565 10.453 159,863,467 3.935 Total 2,427,133,716 100 2,773,525,912 100 4,062,336,688 100 Assets Cash and Balance with RBI 138,861,630 5.721 251,008,158 9.050 209,069,703 5.146 Balance with Banks and Money at call and Short Notice 75,224,929 3.099 45,680,191 1.647 131,831,128 3.245 Investments 719,916,208 29.661 709,293,656 25.573 1,346,859,630 33.154 Advances 1,424,078,286 58.673 1,599,826,654 57.682 2,163,659,014 53.26 Fixed Assets 22,731,456 0.936 21,706,480 0.782 47,442,551 1.167 Other Assets 46,321,207 1.908 146,010,773 5.264 163,474,662 4.024 Total 2,427,133,716 100 2,773,525,912 100 4,062,336,688 100 Axis(Rs.000) HDFC(Rs.000) ICICI(Rs.000) Income Interest Earned 151,548,058 76.589 199,282,122 82.13 259,740,528 79.62 Other Income 46,321,338 23.410 43,351,527 17.87 66,478,925 20.38 Total 197,869,396 100 242,633,649 100 326,219,453 100 Expenditure Interest Expended 85,918,230 52.394 93,850,839 46.15 169,571,515 61.728 Operating Expenses 47,794,281 29.145 71,529,141 35.171 66,172,492 24.088 Provision and Contingencies 30,271,979 18.460 37,989,660 18.680 38,961,684 14.183 Total 163,984,490 100 203,369,640 100 274,705,691 100 Profit Loss Account for the year ended 31st March 2011 Balance Sheets as on 31st March 2012 Capital and Liabilities Axis(Rs.000) HDFC(Rs.000) ICICI(Rs.000) Capital 4,132,039 0.144 4,693,377 0.138 11551537 0.243 Reserves and Surplus 223,953,384 7.840 294,553378 8.716 592,500,885 12.509 Deposits 2,201,043,033 77.059 2,467,064,459 73.00 2,554,999,561 53.94 Borrowings 340,716,721 11.928 238,465,086 7.057 1,401,649,073 29.592 Other Liabilities and Provisions 86,432,757 3.026 374,318,690 11.077 175,769,846 3.710 Total 2,856,277,934 100 3,379,094,990 100 4,736,470,902 100 Assets Cash and Balance with RBI 107,029,214 3.747 149,910,945 4.436 204,612,935 4.319 Balance with Banks and Money at call and Short Notice 32,309,943 1.131 59,466,318 1.759 157,680,199 3.329 Investments 931,920,859 32.627 974,829,094 28.848 1,595,600,430 33.687 Advances 1,697,595,386 59.433 1,954,200,292 57.83 2,537,276,579 53.568 Fixed Assets 22,593,250 0.791 23,471,940 0.694 46,146,870 0.974 Other Assets 64,829,282 2.269 217,216,401 6.428 195,153,889 4.120 Total 2,856,277,934 100 3,379,094,990 100 4,736,470,902 100 Profit Loss Account for the year ended 31st March 2012 Axis(Rs.000) HDFC(Rs.000) ICICI(Rs.000) Income Interest Earned 219,946,474 80.228 272,863,517 83.880 335,426,522 81.720 Other Income 54,202,163 19.771 52,436,949 16.12 75,027,598 18.279 Total 274,148,637 100 325,300,466 100 410,454,120 100 Expenditure Interest Expended 139,769,024 60.316 149,895,780 54.78 228,084,964 65.958 Operating Expenses 60,070,995 25.923 85,900,571 31.393 78,504,433 22.702 Provision and Contingencies 31,886,564 13.760 37,833,208 13.826 39,212,151 11.339 Total 231,726,583 100 273,629,559 100 345,801,548 100 Balance Sheets as on 31st March 2013 Capital and Liabilities Axis(Rs.000) HDFC(Rs.000) ICICI(Rs.000) Capital 4,679,545 0.137 4,758,838 0.117 11581197 0.216 Reserves and Surplus 326,399,054 9.584 363881809 8.925 655,478,392 12.211 Deposits 2,526,135,881 74.176 2,960,917,699 72.621 2,926,136,257 54.511 Borrowings 439,510,984 12.906 394,966,127 9.687 1,453,414,944 27.076 Other Liabilities and Provisions 108,881,120 3.197 352,705,377 8.651 321,336,021 5.986 Total 3,405,606,584 100 4,077,229,850 100 5,367,946,811 100 Assets Cash and Balance with RBI 147,920,883 4.343 146,308,790 3.588 190,527,309 3.549 Balance with Banks and Money at call and Short Notice 56,428,716 1.656 129,002,845 3.164 223,647,879 4.166 Investments 1,137,375,370 33.397 1,109,604,124 27.214 1,713,935,993 31.929 Advances 1,969,659,574 57.835 2,472,451,151 60.640 2,902,494,351 54.07 Fixed Assets 23,556,420 0.691 27,733,162 0.680 46,470,587 0.865 Other Assets 70,665,621 2.074 192,129,778 4.712 290,870,692 5.418 Total 3,405,606,584 100 4,077,229,850 100 5,367,946,811 100 Profit Loss Account for the year ended 31st March 2013 Axis(Rs.000) HDFC(Rs.000) ICICI(Rs.000) Income Interest Earned 271,825,744 80.579 358,610,213 83.409 400,755,969 82.764 Other Income 65,511,063 19.420 71,329,645 16.590 83,457,012 17.235 Total 337,336,807 100 429,939,858 100 484,212,981 100 Expenditure Interest Expended 175,163,111 61.343 196,954,474 54.567 262,091,848 65.366 Operating Expenses 69,142,375 24.214 115,518,963 32.005 90,128,837 22.478 Provision and Contingencies 41,236,992 14.441 48,463,621 13.427 48,737,569 12.155 Total 285,542,478 100 360,937,058 100 400,958,254 100 Capital to Total Liabilities Year Name of Bank Axis HDFC ICICI 2010-11 0.16 0.16 0.28 2011-12 0.14 0.13 0.24 2012-13 0.13 0.11 0.21 Interpretation Capital Common size statement of ICICI Bank was more than Axis Bank HDFC Bank in these three years. It is also seen that in all these three years Capital Common size statement of these banks were decreased consistently. Reserve and surplus to Total Liabilities Year Name of Bank Axis HDFC ICICI 2010-11 7.68 8.98 13.27 2011-12 7.84 8.71 12.50 2012-13 9.58 8.92 12.21 Interpretation Common size statement of Accumulated Reserve and Surplus of ICICI Bank was more than Axis Bank HDFC Bank, but this Common size statement consistently decreases. This Common size statement of Axis bank consistently increases. Deposits to Total Liabilities Year Name of Bank Axis HDFC ICICI 2010-11 77.96 75.20 55.53 2011-12 77.05 73.00 53.94 2012-13 74.17 72.62 54.51 Interpretation Deposit Common size statement Axis bank was more than HDFC ICICI bank; however this Common size statement of Axis bank and HDFC bank consistently decreases. Borrowings to Total Liabilities Year Name of Bank Axis HDFC ICICI 2010-11 10.82 5.18 26.96 2011-12 11.92 7.05 29.59 2012-13 12.90 9.68 27.07 Interpretation As regards to borrowings, ICICI bank has more borrowings than Axis bank and HDFC bank, it is also depicts that borrowings of Axis bank and HDFC bank consistently increases. Other liabilities Provisions to Total Liabilities Year Name of Bank Axis HDFC ICICI 2010-11 3.38 10.45 3.93 2011-12 3.02 11.07 3.71 2012-13 3.19 8.65 5.98 Interpretation Other liabilities and provisions of HDFC bank was more than Axis bank and ICICI bank and it is upto10% on an average, however the axis bank ICICI bank maintains this Common size statement upto 3% on an average. Cash Balances with RBI to Total Assets Year Name of Bank Axis HDFC ICICI 2010-11 5.72 9.05 5.14 2011-12 3.74 4.43 4.31 2012-13 4.34 3.58 3.54 Interpretation Cash balance of HDFC bank in year 2010-11 was in highest Common size statement. Cash balance of HDFC bank and ICICI bank continuously decreases. Balance with Banks and Money at call and Short Notice to Total Assets Year Name of Bank Axis HDFC ICICI 2010-11 3.09 1.64 3.24 2011-12 1.13 1.79 3.32 2012-13 1.65 <

Graduation Speech: We Are the Leaders of Tomorrow :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Anne Frank confided to her diary that, "Parents can only give good advice or put them on the right paths, but the final forming of a person's character lies in their own hands." And as we, the class of 2006, stand at the end of one path in our lives, and stare out at the field of possibilities before us, we are faced with awesome decisions. We have a wealth of knowledge behind us -- our parents and our families. We are at a point where we must decide where to go and what to do. One misstep now, even the slightest one, can cause a lifetime of regret. So as you and I set out on our chosen path, we must carefully consider where we are and where we want to go. Born in Tupelo, Miss. in 1935, one of the greatest musicians of the 20th century began his life in a humble setting. After a poverty-stricken childhood, this young man became a truck driver in Tennessee. Realizing he had tremendous musical talent, the musician visited Nashville and was able to secure a performance at the Grand Ole Opry in 1954. At the close of the performance, the manager, Jim Denny, fired him saying, "You ain't going nowhere, son. You ought to go back to driving a truck." But did this young man give in? Did he listen to the professionals? No, he tried again and again until he found a venue for his music. Once he found his break the rest is history, today we remember Elvis as one of America's greatest musicians. Parents can give us advice, they can point and push us in a given direction, but the final authority lies with us. My parents have always encouraged me to challenge myself, but when it came time to create a schedule and choose classes, the decision was mine. The Byrds remind us that, "To everything ... there is a season ... and a time to every purpose under heaven." I would contend that there is a time for guidance and a time for independence. Just like Elvis, we will encounter people who will have a different view of where we should be. Whether that person is a manager, a parent, a friend, we must carefully weigh the advice they give. At times we may be deviating from the best path for us and we made need their loving correction, but at times the advice may not fit our goals.

Official Crime Statistics Essay

What are the main strengths and weaknesses of official crime statistics and victimization surveys? In this essay I will be discussing the main strengths and weaknesses of official crime statistics and victimization surveys. I have done tremendous research to back up my work, I have also used famous criminologists and other bodies who understand criminalization to help re-enforce my points. Most experts and successful authors, such as Tim Newburn, Brent E. Turvey and Clive Coleman have attempted, through their literature to show how crime has evolved and how surveys have influenced the public’s views about it. The first ever national crime statistics were published in France, 1827. Adolphe Quetelet, a scholar and previous astronomer was the first individual to take a serious approach and interest in criminal statistics. He then went on to become a leading body in criminology and social sciences for his work. Official crime statistics are placed under the ideology of crime rates in the UK and Wales. Numbers that the BCS, police and other law aboding bodies can gather together from the public, their research and other sources to help give the most accurate rate of crime they can. Victimisation surveys are generally random samples of the population asked whether they have been a victim to crime within a specific period of time. The reasons why these two different types of surveys must be taken are so that crime statistics can attempt to be more solid, although the argument is always made that there will never be an accurate percentage of crime and I will also be touching on why this statement has and always will be made. Crime statistics and Victimisation surveys are polls taken and received by victims of crime or the criminals and individuals who commit them. There has been much controversy amongst crime statistics of how accurate and precise they really are. I will be discussing these issues, but overall focusing my main points onto the strengths and weaknesses of official crimes statistics and victimisation surveys. Without crime statistics there would be no base grounds on the numbers of crimes averagely committed, by what sex and by what age group. Howeve r, without victimization surveys crimes may stay ‘hidden’ crimes such as domestic violence, burglary and intimidation. Why I mention these three in particular are because statistics show that most common repeat victims of crime are within these types of offences. Other offences also include other household theft and vandalism. One example of a top victimization survey is the British Crime Survey. The British Crime Survey or BCS for short is a nationally represented survey with a successful sample of approximately 47,000 adults living in private households in England and wales every year. The BCS started its survey’s in 1981 and it became a fluent survey database until 2001/2002. This survey is a face to face interview where the respondents or victims are asked about their experiences and feelings of crime that may have happened to them or people they know in the last 12 months, the BCS also ask them about their opinions of crime and crime related topics such as anti-social behaviour. These types of people would also be asked about the effectiveness of the police and how they deal with these is sues of crime. The British crime survey is a very important key piece of information and source of data on the background of respondents and the overall circumstances of victimization. A public, accurate crime statistic is most commonly the police, a more community based, less national and less accurate version as it’s range of scope does not cover the nation; however both sources limit themselves to a set of offences. Making it easier to gain a more accurate percentage. One main difference between the BCS and the police is that the BCS excludes victimless crimes, drug dealing and murder. The reason for this is the victims are no longer available to discuss the events that happened. Other crimes they exclude are sexual offences; this is generally due to the small number reported and the unwillingness of respondents to come forward. Another main difference between the two is that BCS thefts including personal property and other household items, because with the police they would involve everything included in the theft, jewellery, personal belongings, with the BCS it would all fall into a similar category making it a difficult task to achieve. A weakness of official crime statistics and victimisation surveys is that an argument could be bought up are they actually official? Just because they’re published doesn’t make them correct. What about the crimes that aren’t reported, Because of victims being afraid, intimidated or not having trust in the police. These events being called ‘Hidden Crimes’ or as they are often referred to ‘Dark Figures’. In addition to this, modern day statistics are now more enclosed, for example in Tim Newburn’s ‘Criminology’ he discusses how crimes such as violence against the person accounts to events such as murder, assa ult, however not reckless driving which could be considered to focus fully on physical damage. So as statistics are not as open to as many crimes as they wish, some will slip through and possibly go into a much minor category. Obviously a disadvantage being that individual may feel neglected and reluctant to detail the events. Due to the declining of main volume crimes in the recent years, beliefs about crime are still quite high. A third of the population from 2003 still believed that crime was a high rated problem. Advantages of Statistics such as these are that they tend to give the public a clear understanding of what crime rates are at. This table shows beliefs about crime, public fear that possibly the tabloids could have caused. This is discussed a weakness to crime statistics and the public, in a way the media are creating crimes, feeding on crime fear. As I mentioned earlier Crime statistics are never fully accurate and power is always an important factor when determining crime. Smaller crimes such as robbery are associated with the ‘Underclass’ Theory by Charles Murray. These types of offences are more down to the individual rather than a group. Dr Ziggy MacDonald of the University of Leicester wrote a piece in the Economic Journal about ‘Hidden Crimes’, one of the things his research showed was that ‘forecasts of crime trends fail to take proper account of what drives unreported crime. For example, someone who is currently unemployed is 7% less likely to report a burglary than someone who is currently in work, while someone on a relatively high income is 8% more likely to report a burglary than someone on less than average income’ He discussed how the decrease in employment could eventually lead to the higher rate of theft from people’s properties, and resulting in victims not reporti ng it, maybe thinking it won’t matter as their income isn’t high enough to replace the item anyway. Even though the difference between low income individuals and high income individuals is 1% which from my research closely is around 16% burglaries every year as a crime rate, 1% of those victims with a low income are subjected towards not reporting theft of their possessions. Certain individual’s economic status (as shown in from MacDonald’s work) can become a huge factor when determining ‘Hidden Crimes’. People could feel helpless as income is low, or they may live in a deprived area, with no way of being helped their behaviour could become ‘broken’ referring to the ‘broken glass theory’ a single building could have a shattered window for a period of time and the community around that area may feel unwanted, leaving a physical and emotional gap between this community and the open world. Because of this, other buildings may become trashed and broken, people would begin to avoid the area it ‘self, the idea of fear within these ‘Hidden Crimes’. This adds to the statistics the BCS and the police may not know about, smaller areas may not be expected to have high rates of crime and therefore focus is taken away from them. Bigger areas such as Birmingham would be a prime target for crime, the assumption is made. Another theory could that there could possibly be Marxist Criminology, Crime due to class divisions within a society or community, or pe rhaps crimes of the powerful, individuals or groups of people being treated differently in society, expelled from other physical and emotional contact, leaving them no choice but to turn to crime. Transference, to be precise. In August, 2011 the riots in the United Kingdom gave breach to a huge collaboration of crime sprees. Over 1000 people were arrested, yet possibly over 100,000 protested against this Marxist Criminology from politics, student fees and tax increases. Not every individual was caught, making statistics even scarcer. These significant changes within society set alight events that triggered this. This idea of Neo Marxism relating to ‘Dark Figures’ as not every individual in society has the same equal access as other fortunate people, be it financially, emotionally and they lash out because of it. Yet these ‘crimes’ aren’t recorded, they go unnoticed and became a damaging part of a society. In relation to this is the Left Realism theory, a social democratic approach to the analysis of crime and the development of effective policies of crime control. At the heart of all of this is a source of suffering for the poor and the vulnera ble, this links from the ideology of smaller much petty crimes. Bullying for example which as many of 44% of suicides by children from the ages of 10-14 are potentially linked. Data sources of the years have developed and grown onto this topic from the 1900’s as society and trends begin to evolve. Children picked on because of their backgrounds or income, yet data sources still have a less accurate number to this topic than any other. Official crime statistics do not generally show crimes committed by corporations, if any results are shown, they aren’t ever big corporations. An example of corporations is Citibank, high profile data breaches, and even the business Sony. These ‘White Collar Crimes’ are not easily detected, distinguishing them from victimization surveys. They could be breaches of health and safety laws, not identifiable to the easiest detail. Linking to this could be an idea of a corporations being known as ‘Mavericks’ people who are the exceptions rather than the rules, so society and governing bodies refuse to believe that they would commit corporate crimes, allowing them to get off easy. Or even reduc ing the expected costs. One of the biggest corporate crimes was an incident that occurred in 1984 Bhopal. Hundreds of people were killed in a chemical accident, by a company called Union Carbide. They owned a pesticide plant which was around 3 miles from Bhopal. The leading director of that company told the BBC that ‘methyl isocyanate gas (MIC) had escaped when a valve in the plant’s underground storage tank broke under pressure’ As laws are different from the USA and India, payments have still not been made to the families, who deserve compensation, an American firm that is above the law and have been forced into no legal action whatsoever. Could this have future affects to India, How people live, fear foreign businesses, Should they have to live in fear. In conclusion to my research and the theories I have mentioned. I believe that crime statistics can define the crime rate in the UK every year, both types of surveys have their weaknesses and strengths, society as a whole helps mould the body of crime, they can also be the reliable source to provide it, and stop it. My results and research from numerous sources have given an indication on the levels of crime in the UK. Bibliography http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/hosb1011/ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627523/victim-survey http://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/crime-justice/crime/victims-of-crime/index.html http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/crimeew0809.html http://www.res.org.uk/society/mediabriefings/pdfs/2002/february/macdonald1.pdf http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_2698000/2698709.stm http://www.civitas.org.uk/crime/factsheet-YouthOffending.pdf

The Factors that Contribute to the Effective Use of iPads with PMLD Pupils. The WritePass Journal

The Factors that Contribute to the Effective Use of iPads with PMLD Pupils. Description The Factors that Contribute to the Effective Use of iPads with PMLD Pupils. ): Develop research questions. Phase 2 (August 2012): Conducted critical review of relevant literature. Phase 3 (September 2012): Conduct classroom observation. Disseminate questionnaire to second school. Phase 4 (October 2012): Conduct semi-structured interviews with teachers. Phase 5 (November – December 2012): Data collation and analysis Phase 6 (Early 2013): Review, question and action. Disseminate research findings to interested parties. There will be several issues with this study and the implementation of these teaching methods. For instance it is important to individually assess the needs and strengths of each pupil in order to provide them with a personalised experience which meets their needs (Handy, 2000). If the technology is used without first assessing the needs of the pupil then it may be of little benefit, and it is important that the teachers understand the aims and logic behind these teaching methods so they can implement them correctly and assess any development and success (Florian and Hegarty, 2004). These potential issues will be factored in to all research. Rationale Despite the rapid advances in the field of special education over the last few decades children with PMLD have continued to present a challenge to teachers and teaching methods. In the 1980s teachers developed the intensive interaction methods of trying to improve the communication skills of those with disabilities and learning difficulties, which has proven to be effective in some cases. (Lovell, 1998). The use of iPads build on these methods by providing an interactive experience which will engage the pupils. If this is successful the Apple iPad can provide a one-to-one learning experience while minimising the number of carers required, promoting a more productive teaching method (Davis and Florian, 2004). This could go a long way to revolutionising how those with disabilities and learning difficulties are taught and could not only improve the educational system but also the individual lives of those affected. Technology is already implemented in some specialist schools as a tool for teaching. It is believed that Information Communication Technology can be used to support specialised needs in mainstream as well as specialist environments (Condie, Munro, Seagraves Kenesson, 2007). Ofsted have also reported that technology has been used effectively to overcome learning barriers (Ofsted 2005; 2004a) and a project to provide technology aids to pupils was well received by both parents and pupils alike (Wright et al., 2004). The personalised environment provided by educational technology will improve the pupils quality of life and take demand away from the education system. Literature Review I will lead my research by conducting a full and detailed literature review into the previous and current studies surrounding this topic. This will include analysis of Census data and Ofsted reports regarding PMLD children and the use of technology in classrooms. Existing reports and articles will also be reviewed to determine how successful studies have been so far. For instance several studies have been conducted into the importance of visual and interactive learning environments. A study by Sparrowhawk and Heald (2007) suggested that educational software should be colourful, interactive, accompanied by sound and provide the pupil with a challenge as well as constant feedback, in order to stimulate the mind and interest. Foyle (2012) supports this theory by stating that pupils are most motivated when supplied with sound, music and a reward system. Flo Longhorn and Penny Lacey also advocate a sensory approach to learning after working with PMLD pupils for over ten years. I expect my examination of the field to further support the theory that iPads will improve the learning of pupils with disabilities. Conclusion As pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties have impairment in communication and cannot function in what would be considered a normal learning environment, steps must be taken to improve their learning experience. Studies have proven that support can be successfully provided through the implementation of technology in order to provide an individual experience based on the pupils needs. This gives the pupils a safe method of communicating with the world around them. The Apple iPad has the greatest potential to meet the requirements of PMLD pupils due to its interactive, portable and user-friendly nature. References Condie, R.,   Munro, B.,   Seagraves, L. Kenesson, S. (2007). The impact of ICT in schools – a landscape review. Becta. Davis, P. Florian, L. (2004). Teaching strategies and approaches for pupils with special educational needs: A scoping study. Department for Education and Skills. Available at education.gov.uk/complexneeds/modules/Module-1.1-Understanding-the-child-development-anddifficulties/All/downloads/m01p010c/II.teaching_strategies%20including_aspects _of_II.pdf. (Accessed 03.08 2012). Florian, L. Hegarty, J. (2004).  ICT and Special Educational Needs (Learning Teaching With ICT). 1st Edition. Open University Press. Foyle, A. (2012). Switched on to education. SEN Magazine Online, January 2012. Available at: senmagazine.co.uk/articles/378-switched-on-to-education-the-use-of-ict-in-sen.html (accessed 29.08.2012) Lacey, P. (2011) . Online Available at: senmagazine.co.uk/articles/396-designing-a-curriculum-for-pmld-a-profound-challenge.html (accessed 29.08.2012). Longhorn, F. (1998). A Sensory Curriculum for Very Special People. London: Souvenir Press Ltd. Lovell, D.M., Jones, R.S.P. and Ephraim, G. (1998) ‘The effect of Intensive Interaction on the sociability of a man with severe intellectual disabilities’, International Journal of Practical Approaches to Disability. Vol. 22, Nos 2/3, 3-9 Mills, G. E. (2006).  Action Research: A Guide for the Teacher Researcher (3rd Edition). Prentice Hall. Ofsted (2004a), Report: ICT in schools – the impact of government initiatives: School Portraits – Eggbuckland Community College. London: Ofsted Ofsted (2005,) Embedding ICT in schools – a dual evaluation exercise. London: Ofsted. Porter, Ouvry, Morgan, Downs, Interpreting the communication of people with profound and multiple learning difficulties, British Journal of Learning Disabilities, Volume 29, Issue 1, pages 12–16, March 2001 Reason, P. Bradbury, H., (2002). The SAGE Handbook of Action Research. Participative Inquiry and Practice. 1st Edition. London: Sage Sparrowhawk, A.   Heald, Y. (2007).  How to Use   ICT Effectively With Children With Special Educational Needs. Edition. Learning Development Aids. Waters-Adams, S. (2006). Action Research in Education. Faculty of Education Plymouth. Wright, J, Clarke, M, Donlan, C, Lister, C, Weatherly, H, Newton, C, Cherguit, J and Newton, E (2004). Evaluation of the Communication Aids Project (CAP). London. Available at: DfES. dfes.gov.uk/research/data/uploadfiles/RR580.pdf (accessed 14.08.2012).